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PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 > 21. Immunity, Inflammation and Host Resistance > Flashcards

21. Immunity, Inflammation and Host Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What type of Leukocytes are there?

A

-Granular Leukocytes
-Arganular Leukocytes

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2
Q

What area Granular Leuokcytes?

A

Characterized by the presence of differently staining granules in their cytoplasm. e.g. neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils

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3
Q

What are Agranular Leukocytes ?

A

Characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm. e.g. monocytes, macorphages, lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are Lymphocytes and where are they found?

A

-They are a subset of agranular leukocytes that mediate innate and adaptive immunity. i.e. involved in immune response.
-Commonly in the lymphatic system

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5
Q

Lymphocytes are deeply staining nucleus which may be eccentric in which locations?

A

-T cells
-B cells
-Natural killer (NK) cells

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6
Q

What is the difference between Dendritic cells and Macrophages?

A

They both do antigen processing but macorphages aren’t as efficient but dendritic cells.

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7
Q

What are antigens (Ag) and where are they found?

A

-Something that stimulates an immune response
-Can be on any molecule

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8
Q

What are antibodies (Ab)?

A

-A family of defensive proteins your body makes when it is stimulated by an antigen

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9
Q

Antibodies contain sites that specifically bind one ____ and not another

A

Ag

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10
Q

What is a Lymphoid organ?

A

-Anatomical site where immune cells and immune response are generated

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11
Q

What are the two types of Lymphoid organs ?

A

-Central or primary Lymphoid organs
-Peripheral or secondary Lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What does Central or primary Lymphoid organ do?

A

-Sites of generation and education of lymphocytes/ Primary is where most of your T cells are made

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13
Q

What does Peripheral or secondary Lymphoid organ do?

A

-Sites where adaptive immune responses are initiated and where lymphocytes are maintained

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14
Q

Why is it necessary for the immune system to evolve?

A

Because we always have change in behavior and it is important for the body to adapt accordingly

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15
Q

The optimal immune response has which two components ?

A

-Innate immunity
-Adaptive immunity

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16
Q

What is Innate immunity ?

A

-One component that is quick to develop and antigen non specific to contain the pathogen initially

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17
Q

What is Adaptive immunity?

A

-A second component that is antigen specific, highly targeted and exhibit memory

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18
Q

What are key characteristics of innate immunity ?

A

-Constitutive (self activated, it doesn’t need a switch it just happens by itself.
-Quick to develop/initiate
-Ag non specific
-Multiple effector mechanisms

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19
Q

What is the goal of innate immunity ?

A

-Contain the pathogen in the initial hours and days of infection, giving more sophisticated defenses time to expand and be deployed

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20
Q

Which Leukocytes have the highest and lower content percentage in blood ?

A

Highest:Neutrophil
Lowest:Basophil

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21
Q

What is the major functions of a Neutrophil?

A

-Bacteria, Fungi

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22
Q

What is the major function of Basophils

A

-To release Histamines for inflammatory responses

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23
Q

What is the major functions of the Eosinophil?

A

-Larger parasites
-Allergic responses

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24
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphocyte?

A

-B cells make antibodies
-T cells regulate immunity to viruses, bacteria, cancer, autoimmunity

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25
What are the major functions of Monocytes?
-Phagocytic in blood stream -Differentiate to macrophages in tissues
26
What are the major functions of Macrophages?
-phagocytosis in tissues (not found in blood but tissues) -Anitgen processing and presentation
27
What are the major functions of Dendritic cells?
-Antigen processing and presentation -T cell activation
28
What are the Main liabilities of Innate immunity?
-No adaptability to new stimuli, hence no protecting from new flu variants -No memory -poor regulation -poor amplification
29
How does innate immunity work?
-Activated by danger signals (PAMPS or DAMP) and they are recognized by pattern receptors on innate cells, which initiates the inflammatory response
30
What things is Innate immunity missing?
-Ag specificity -specialization -Adaptability to pathogens
31
What is the specificity Property of Adaptive immunity ?
-Ability to recognize and respond to many different microbes
32
what is the memory property of the adaptive immunity?
-Enhanced responses to recurrent or persistent infections
33
What is the specialization property of the adaptive immunity?
-Responses to distinct microbes are optimized for defence against these microbes
34
What is the nonreactivity to self antigens property of the adaptive immunity?
-Prevents injurious immune response against host cells and tissues
35
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
-Cell mediated immunity (T cells) -Antibody mediated immunity (B cells)
36
What are the different types of T cells and what do they all have in common?
-Helper T cell -Cytotoxic T cell -T regulatory cells -They all have T cell receptors for antigen recognition
37
What does a Helper T cell do?
-Express CD4 molecule -Helps B cells to make certain classes of Ab -Important for immunity to intracellular bacteria and parasites -Augmenting cytotoxic killer T cell response
38
What does a Cytotoxic T cell do?
-Bind to specific antigen -Express CD8 molecule -important for killing viral infected and tumour cells
39
What do T regulatory cells do ?
-Express CD4, CD25, and FOXP3 -They act to suppress T cell expansion and response -They are anti- inflammatory
40
How does antibody immunity work?
-When there are things like covid 19 trying to bind to ur lungs and damage them, an antibody binds in place instead blocking the binding site for the covid-19, therefore causing no damage.
41
What are Humeral (antibody) immunity composed of?
-Mediated by B cells -Antibody dependent
42
What do B cells do in humeral immunity?
-Originate and mature in bone marrow -B cell receptor is membrane bound antibody -Ag binding triggers division, differentiation and antigen specific antibody production -In lymph nodes and spleen, immune cells stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies
43
What Antibody isotopes(classes) are there?
-IgM -IgG -IgA -IgE
44
Where is the IgM first produced ? and its the 2nd most common __________
-First produced in primary response -2nd most common serum Ab
45
What does IgG do ?
-Dominates memory (2^o) responses in serum -highest concentration in serum -Transplacental transfer; hence important for fetal immunity
46
what does IgA do ?
-Major Ab at mucous surfaces(hence mediates mucosal immunity) -In colostrum, tears, GI and respiratory secretions
47
What does IgE do?
-Parasite defense: mediate immediate type hypersensitivity reactions -10000x lower levels than IgG, even in allergic individuals -IgE is the lowest level among the four
48
What is Immunologic memory?
-ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously-either by infection or by vaccination.
49
what is inflammation?
-a "protective" cellular and vascular tissue reactions to injurious insults
50
what the major aims of inflammation?
-DIlute -Destroy -Isolate -Initate repair
51
What are the major features of the inflammations ?
-redness -hotness -swelling -pain -loss of function
52
What two forms of inflammation are there?
Acute and chronic forms
53
what is acute inflammation and what steps take place during it?
-Immediate and early response to tissue injury -vasodilation -vascular leakage and oedema -Leukocyte emigration (mostly granulocytes)
54
What are some possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
-Complete Resolution -Scarring (fibrosis) -Abscess formation occurs with some bacterial or fungal infections -Progression to chronic inflammation -Cytokine storm during COVID-19 infection
55
What is Chronic Inflammation ?
-An inflammatory response of prolonged duration -Provoked by the persistence of the causative stimulus -Simultaneous presence of acute inflammation, tissue destruction and repair
56
What are some causes of Chronic inflammation?
-Infectious organisms that resist clearance and form a persistent infection in tissue or undrained abscess cavitites -exposure to irritant no living foreign material that cannot be removed -Potentially normal tissue components as seen in auto immune diseases
57
What are some characteristics of chronic inflammation?
-Lymphocyte, macrophage infiltration -Tissue destruction by inflammatory cells -Fibrosis and angiogenesis ,resulting from unsuccessful attempts at repair
58
What are some outcomes of chronic inflammation?
-Ulcers -Fistulas -Granulomatous diseases; Crohn's disease -Fibrotic diseases(scaring) -Adhesions -and combinations of the above
59
What are the types of immunity?
Active and passive
60
What is active immunity ?
-Your immune system actively participates ion building /developing the immunity
61
What is passive immunity ?
-Your immune system does not actively contribute to the development of the immunity .It passively acquires it by transfer of pre-made immune effector molecules
62
what are the two types of passive immunity and what do they do?
Natural : transfer from mother to fetus Artificial : Injection of preformed immune molecules
63
What are the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?
Advantages: -Intense response -Immediate protection Disadvantages: -Short duration(rapid catabolism) -Development of allergic reactions -No memory develops
64
What is a vaccine?
-A preparation of viral Ag administered to elicit protective, memory immune response against the original pathogen
65
What are advantages and disadvantages of killer vaccine?
Advantages: -It does not cause disease -There is no chance of reverting to virulence -Very cheap to make -Can be used in immunocompromised patient Disadvantages: -Induce poor immunity -Immunity is not sustained (short duration) -Require booster immunizations
66
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a genetically engineered and live attenuated vaccine?
Advantages: -They cause infection without pathology -Strong protection (humeral and cell mediated) -Long lasting immunity (due to memory) -Minimal booster immunization Disadvantages: -There is fear of reverting to virulence -Cannot be used in immunocompromised patients -Cold chain sequence
67
What are advantages and disadvantages of subunit vaccines?
Advantages: -Increased safety -Less antigenic competition since only a few components are included in the vaccine -Vaccines can be targeted to the site where immunity is required -Ability differentiate vaccinated animals from infected animals Disadvantages: -Generally require strong adjuvants -Duration of immunity is generally shorter than with live vaccines -Peptide vaccines often need to be linked to carriers to enhance their immunogenicity -A pathogen can escape immune responses to a single epitope versus multiple epitope vaccines
68
What are characteristics of a useful vaccine?
-Very safe -Effective over long period of time -Stimulate development of the right kinds of immunity -Chemically stable -Relatively affordable

PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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