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phgy 1030 exam 3 > 21. Immunity, Inflammation and Host Resistance > Flashcards

21. Immunity, Inflammation and Host Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What type of Leukocytes are there?

A

-Granular Leukocytes
-Arganular Leukocytes

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2
Q

What area Granular Leuokcytes?

A

Characterized by the presence of differently staining granules in their cytoplasm. e.g. neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils

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3
Q

What are Agranular Leukocytes ?

A

Characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm. e.g. monocytes, macorphages, lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are Lymphocytes and where are they found?

A

-They are a subset of agranular leukocytes that mediate innate and adaptive immunity. i.e. involved in immune response.
-Commonly in the lymphatic system

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5
Q

Lymphocytes are deeply staining nucleus which may be eccentric in which locations?

A

-T cells
-B cells
-Natural killer (NK) cells

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6
Q

What is the difference between Dendritic cells and Macrophages?

A

They both do antigen processing but macorphages aren’t as efficient but dendritic cells.

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7
Q

What are antigens (Ag) and where are they found?

A

-Something that stimulates an immune response
-Can be on any molecule

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8
Q

What are antibodies (Ab)?

A

-A family of defensive proteins your body makes when it is stimulated by an antigen

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9
Q

Antibodies contain sites that specifically bind one ____ and not another

A

Ag

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10
Q

What is a Lymphoid organ?

A

-Anatomical site where immune cells and immune response are generated

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11
Q

What are the two types of Lymphoid organs ?

A

-Central or primary Lymphoid organs
-Peripheral or secondary Lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What does Central or primary Lymphoid organ do?

A

-Sites of generation and education of lymphocytes/ Primary is where most of your T cells are made

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13
Q

What does Peripheral or secondary Lymphoid organ do?

A

-Sites where adaptive immune responses are initiated and where lymphocytes are maintained

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14
Q

Why is it necessary for the immune system to evolve?

A

Because we always have change in behavior and it is important for the body to adapt accordingly

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15
Q

The optimal immune response has which two components ?

A

-Innate immunity
-Adaptive immunity

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16
Q

What is Innate immunity ?

A

-One component that is quick to develop and antigen non specific to contain the pathogen initially

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17
Q

What is Adaptive immunity?

A

-A second component that is antigen specific, highly targeted and exhibit memory

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18
Q

What are key characteristics of innate immunity ?

A

-Constitutive (self activated, it doesn’t need a switch it just happens by itself.
-Quick to develop/initiate
-Ag non specific
-Multiple effector mechanisms

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19
Q

What is the goal of innate immunity ?

A

-Contain the pathogen in the initial hours and days of infection, giving more sophisticated defenses time to expand and be deployed

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20
Q

Which Leukocytes have the highest and lower content percentage in blood ?

A

Highest:Neutrophil
Lowest:Basophil

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21
Q

What is the major functions of a Neutrophil?

A

-Bacteria, Fungi

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22
Q

What is the major function of Basophils

A

-To release Histamines for inflammatory responses

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23
Q

What is the major functions of the Eosinophil?

A

-Larger parasites
-Allergic responses

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24
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphocyte?

A

-B cells make antibodies
-T cells regulate immunity to viruses, bacteria, cancer, autoimmunity

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25
Q

What are the major functions of Monocytes?

A

-Phagocytic in blood stream
-Differentiate to macrophages in tissues

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26
Q

What are the major functions of Macrophages?

A

-phagocytosis in tissues (not found in blood but tissues)
-Anitgen processing and presentation

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27
Q

What are the major functions of Dendritic cells?

A

-Antigen processing and presentation
-T cell activation

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28
Q

What are the Main liabilities of Innate immunity?

A

-No adaptability to new stimuli, hence no protecting from new flu variants
-No memory
-poor regulation
-poor amplification

29
Q

How does innate immunity work?

A

-Activated by danger signals (PAMPS or DAMP) and they are recognized by pattern receptors on innate cells, which initiates the inflammatory response

30
Q

What things is Innate immunity missing?

A

-Ag specificity
-specialization
-Adaptability to pathogens

31
Q

What is the specificity Property of Adaptive immunity ?

A

-Ability to recognize and respond to many different microbes

32
Q

what is the memory property of the adaptive immunity?

A

-Enhanced responses to recurrent or persistent infections

33
Q

What is the specialization property of the adaptive immunity?

A

-Responses to distinct microbes are optimized for defence against these microbes

34
Q

What is the nonreactivity to self antigens property of the adaptive immunity?

A

-Prevents injurious immune response against host cells and tissues

35
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

-Cell mediated immunity (T cells)
-Antibody mediated immunity (B cells)

36
Q

What are the different types of T cells and what do they all have in common?

A

-Helper T cell
-Cytotoxic T cell
-T regulatory cells
-They all have T cell receptors for antigen recognition

37
Q

What does a Helper T cell do?

A

-Express CD4 molecule
-Helps B cells to make certain classes of Ab
-Important for immunity to intracellular bacteria and parasites
-Augmenting cytotoxic killer T cell response

38
Q

What does a Cytotoxic T cell do?

A

-Bind to specific antigen
-Express CD8 molecule
-important for killing viral infected and tumour cells

39
Q

What do T regulatory cells do ?

A

-Express CD4, CD25, and FOXP3
-They act to suppress T cell expansion and response
-They are anti- inflammatory

40
Q

How does antibody immunity work?

A

-When there are things like covid 19 trying to bind to ur lungs and damage them, an antibody binds in place instead blocking the binding site for the covid-19, therefore causing no damage.

41
Q

What are Humeral (antibody) immunity composed of?

A

-Mediated by B cells
-Antibody dependent

42
Q

What do B cells do in humeral immunity?

A

-Originate and mature in bone marrow
-B cell receptor is membrane bound antibody
-Ag binding triggers division, differentiation and antigen specific antibody production
-In lymph nodes and spleen, immune cells stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies

43
Q

What Antibody isotopes(classes) are there?

A

-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE

44
Q

Where is the IgM first produced ? and its the 2nd most common __________

A

-First produced in primary response
-2nd most common serum Ab

45
Q

What does IgG do ?

A

-Dominates memory (2^o) responses in serum
-highest concentration in serum
-Transplacental transfer; hence important for fetal immunity

46
Q

what does IgA do ?

A

-Major Ab at mucous surfaces(hence mediates mucosal immunity)
-In colostrum, tears, GI and respiratory secretions

47
Q

What does IgE do?

A

-Parasite defense: mediate immediate type hypersensitivity reactions
-10000x lower levels than IgG, even in allergic individuals
-IgE is the lowest level among the four

48
Q

What is Immunologic memory?

A

-ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously-either by infection or by vaccination.

49
Q

what is inflammation?

A

-a “protective” cellular and vascular tissue reactions to injurious insults

50
Q

what the major aims of inflammation?

A

-DIlute
-Destroy
-Isolate
-Initate repair

51
Q

What are the major features of the inflammations ?

A

-redness
-hotness
-swelling
-pain
-loss of function

52
Q

What two forms of inflammation are there?

A

Acute and chronic forms

53
Q

what is acute inflammation and what steps take place during it?

A

-Immediate and early response to tissue injury

-vasodilation
-vascular leakage and oedema
-Leukocyte emigration (mostly granulocytes)

54
Q

What are some possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

-Complete Resolution
-Scarring (fibrosis)
-Abscess formation occurs with some bacterial or fungal infections
-Progression to chronic inflammation
-Cytokine storm during COVID-19 infection

55
Q

What is Chronic Inflammation ?

A

-An inflammatory response of prolonged duration
-Provoked by the persistence of the causative stimulus
-Simultaneous presence of acute inflammation, tissue destruction and repair

56
Q

What are some causes of Chronic inflammation?

A

-Infectious organisms that resist clearance and form a persistent infection in tissue or undrained abscess cavitites
-exposure to irritant no living foreign material that cannot be removed
-Potentially normal tissue components as seen in auto immune diseases

57
Q

What are some characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

-Lymphocyte, macrophage infiltration
-Tissue destruction by inflammatory cells
-Fibrosis and angiogenesis ,resulting from unsuccessful attempts at repair

58
Q

What are some outcomes of chronic inflammation?

A

-Ulcers
-Fistulas
-Granulomatous diseases; Crohn’s disease
-Fibrotic diseases(scaring)
-Adhesions
-and combinations of the above

59
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A

Active and passive

60
Q

What is active immunity ?

A

-Your immune system actively participates ion building /developing the immunity

61
Q

What is passive immunity ?

A

-Your immune system does not actively contribute to the development of the immunity .It passively acquires it by transfer of pre-made immune effector molecules

62
Q

what are the two types of passive immunity and what do they do?

A

Natural : transfer from mother to fetus
Artificial : Injection of preformed immune molecules

63
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

Advantages:
-Intense response
-Immediate protection
Disadvantages:
-Short duration(rapid catabolism)
-Development of allergic reactions
-No memory develops

64
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

-A preparation of viral Ag administered to elicit protective, memory immune response against the original pathogen

65
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of killer vaccine?

A

Advantages:
-It does not cause disease
-There is no chance of reverting to virulence
-Very cheap to make
-Can be used in immunocompromised patient
Disadvantages:
-Induce poor immunity
-Immunity is not sustained (short duration)
-Require booster immunizations

66
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a genetically engineered and live attenuated vaccine?

A

Advantages:
-They cause infection without pathology
-Strong protection (humeral and cell mediated)
-Long lasting immunity (due to memory)
-Minimal booster immunization
Disadvantages:
-There is fear of reverting to virulence
-Cannot be used in immunocompromised patients
-Cold chain sequence

67
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of subunit vaccines?

A

Advantages:
-Increased safety
-Less antigenic competition since only a few components are included in the vaccine
-Vaccines can be targeted to the site where immunity is required
-Ability differentiate vaccinated animals from infected animals
Disadvantages:
-Generally require strong adjuvants
-Duration of immunity is generally shorter than with live vaccines
-Peptide vaccines often need to be linked to carriers to enhance their immunogenicity
-A pathogen can escape immune responses to a single epitope versus multiple epitope vaccines

68
Q

What are characteristics of a useful vaccine?

A

-Very safe
-Effective over long period of time
-Stimulate development of the right kinds of immunity
-Chemically stable
-Relatively affordable

phgy 1030 exam 3 (8 decks)

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