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PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 > 15. Lung Anatomy and Mechanics > Flashcards

15. Lung Anatomy and Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two Physiologic Role of Lungs?

A

-Make O2 available for metabolism(“internal respiration”)
-Remove CO2-metabolic byproduct

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2
Q

Out of the two lungs, why is the left lung smaller than the right one?

A

Its because the heart takes up the space

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3
Q

What are lungs and lobes surrounded by?

A

Visceral pleura

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4
Q

What is the Thoracic Cavity separated by ?

A

Bone and muscle

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5
Q

What does the thoracic cavity cover and what is it surrounded by?

A

-Ribs(12 pair),sternum,vertebrae
-Chest wall muscles and diaphragm
-Surrounded by parietal pleura

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6
Q

Between what does the Visceral and Parietal (costal) pleura form a fluid filled Pleural sac?

A

-Lungs and Chest wall & diaphragm

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7
Q

What does the pleural sac do ?

A

It couples the lungs to the chest wall & the diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the purpose of Lubricates?

A

-It allows sliding movement of lungs relative to the chest wall and diaphragm.

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9
Q

In which part does the air pass through when air enters/exits via nose & mouth?

A

The shared pharynx

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10
Q

In which part does the air pass through when air enters/exit the airways ?

A

The larynx, that contains the vocal cords.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of an Epiglottis?

A

It prevents food/drink from entering airways

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12
Q

What is the importance of the Upper Airway?

A

It is important for humidification of air and filtration for lower airways

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13
Q

For Airway branching, why is increased surface area required?

A

it is required to facilitate gas exchange

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14
Q

Where does the Greatest Resistance take place in the lungs?

A

2nd-5th generation airways

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15
Q

How is airflow resistance effected by having lots of branching?

A

Turbulent flow and increased resistance

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16
Q

What is the definition of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator?

A

It is the act of narrowing or widening an airway.

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17
Q

What does the Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) do in controlling the airway lumen size?

A

-Bronchoconstriction
-Pulmonary Vasodilation
-Mucous gland secretion via muscarinic receptors

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18
Q

What does the Sympathetic (Adrenergic) do in controlling the airway lumen size?

A

-Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
-Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
-Inhibits mucous gland secretion

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19
Q

What other humeral factors can promote Bronchoconstriction?

A

-Histamine,Endothelin,Leukotrieness

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20
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, how is the radius and resistance to airflow effected?

A

The radius decreased= Increase in resistance to airflow

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21
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, What 5 things are in the Pathologic section?

A

-Allergens & Histamine
-Physical
-Mucus
-Edema
-Airway collapse

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22
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, what is in the physical section?

A

-BMI

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23
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, What is in the Physiologic section?

A

-Neural stimulation
-Local concentrations of CO2

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24
Q

In Bronchodilation, how is the radius and resistance to airflow effected?

A

Increase in radius= decrease in resistance to airflow

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25
Parasympathetic induced airway smooth muscle _____________
Contraction
26
Sympathetic nerves induce airway smooth muscle ___________
relaxation
27
In Bronchodilation, what is in the physical section?
-Deep Inspiration
28
In Bronchodilation, what is in the Physiologic section?
-Neural stimulation -hormonal -Local concentrations of CO2
29
What is Collateral ventilation (COPD)?
-Damage to alveolar walls permitting gas to flow between alveoli, bypassing the airways
30
What carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
31
What carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?
Pulmonary Veins
32
What two ways can help get air into the lung ?
-Create a positive pressure at the airway opening to push air into the lung -Create a negative pressure within the lung as occurs in free breathing humans
33
For Inspiration: -Respiratory muscle contraction __________ thoracic volume to ________ the lungs. -This helps create negative pressure so ____________
-Increases, stretch, air moves in
34
To exhale: -Respiratory muscles relax, thoracic volume __________ due to pulling forces of the elastic lung -This helps create positive pressure so _____________
-Decreases , Air moves out of lung
35
Lungs "coupled" due to which 2 forces?
1. Intrapleural fluid cohesive (polar water molecules attract & hold pleurae together) 2.Transmural pressure gradient
36
What happens during inspiration ?
-Air moves down pressure gradient during breathing -Thorax and lungs increase in size -Transpulmonary pressure increases to counteract the increasing elastic recoil of the lungs
37
Which are Muscles of Inspiration?
-External Intercostals -Diaphragm
38
Which are Accessory muscle of Inspiration?
-Scalaneus -Sternocleidomastoid
39
Which are Muscle of active expiration
-Abdominal -Internal Intercostals
40
During Inspiration , what do the External Intercostals help with?
-It raises ribs to increase anterior-posterior & lateral thoracic volume
41
During Inspiration, What do the Scalenes & Sternocleidomastoid help with?
-During exertion it helps elevate upper ribs & sternum
42
During expiration, What does Quiet expiration (is passive) help with?
-Muscle relaxes, lungs and chest wall (elastic recoil) return to equilibrium
43
During Expiration, what does Forced Expiration help with?
-Internal intercostals reduce anterior-posterior & lateral thorax volume & abdominals diaphragm up
44
During Inspiration, how is it determined that how much air enters?
-Lung compliance & pleural pressure
45
What is Emphysema?
-Increases lung compliance due to tissue destruction -Breathe at high lung volume (hyperinflation)
46
What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?
-Increased lung stiffness (non-compliant) due lung fibrosis -breathe at very low lung volume
47
The Alveoli:Surfactant What effects does airways & alveolae lined with water have?
-Increases surface tension-->collapsing alveoli -Decreases compliance and elastic recoil
48
What effect does no surfactant have on lung compliance?
It makes the lungs highly compliant .
49
What is a Spirometry?
A spirometer is used that records a spirogram to measure the volume of air moved during inspiration and expiration maneuvers in time
50
What is Tidal volume(VT or TV)?
-Gas inhaled and exhaled with each resting breath
51
What is Residual volume (RV)?
-Gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal exhalation
52
What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Volume (above TV) that can be inhaled by maximum effort
53
What is Expiratory reserve volume(ERV)?
-Volume (below FRC) that can be exhaled by maximum effort
54
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
-the gas in the lungs at the end of a resting tidal breath
55
What is Vital Capacity (VC) ?
- Total amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation
56
How do you calculate total lung capacity (TLC)
Residual volume(RV)+(VC)Vital capacity=Total lung capacity (TLC)
57
How do you calculate Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)+ Tidal Volume (VT or TV)= Inspiratory capacity (IC)
58
Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver What two results can the standard test give?
Obstructive-which can be things like asthma Restrictive- which can be things like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
59
What is forced vital capacity maneuver ?
-It can be forced inhalation from FRC to TLC(~1second) -followed by forceful exhalation from TLC TO RV(~5sec)
60
What can you measure with FVC Maneuver ?
FVC-maximum amount of air forcibly expired after. maximum inspiration FEV1-volume of gas exhaled during first second FEV1% predicted-FEV1% divided by population average FEV1% for same age,sex,height

PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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