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PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 > 15. Lung Anatomy and Mechanics > Flashcards

15. Lung Anatomy and Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two Physiologic Role of Lungs?

A

-Make O2 available for metabolism(“internal respiration”)
-Remove CO2-metabolic byproduct

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2
Q

Out of the two lungs, why is the left lung smaller than the right one?

A

Its because the heart takes up the space

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3
Q

What are lungs and lobes surrounded by?

A

Visceral pleura

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4
Q

What is the Thoracic Cavity separated by ?

A

Bone and muscle

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5
Q

What does the thoracic cavity cover and what is it surrounded by?

A

-Ribs(12 pair),sternum,vertebrae
-Chest wall muscles and diaphragm
-Surrounded by parietal pleura

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6
Q

Between what does the Visceral and Parietal (costal) pleura form a fluid filled Pleural sac?

A

-Lungs and Chest wall & diaphragm

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7
Q

What does the pleural sac do ?

A

It couples the lungs to the chest wall & the diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the purpose of Lubricates?

A

-It allows sliding movement of lungs relative to the chest wall and diaphragm.

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9
Q

In which part does the air pass through when air enters/exits via nose & mouth?

A

The shared pharynx

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10
Q

In which part does the air pass through when air enters/exit the airways ?

A

The larynx, that contains the vocal cords.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of an Epiglottis?

A

It prevents food/drink from entering airways

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12
Q

What is the importance of the Upper Airway?

A

It is important for humidification of air and filtration for lower airways

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13
Q

For Airway branching, why is increased surface area required?

A

it is required to facilitate gas exchange

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14
Q

Where does the Greatest Resistance take place in the lungs?

A

2nd-5th generation airways

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15
Q

How is airflow resistance effected by having lots of branching?

A

Turbulent flow and increased resistance

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16
Q

What is the definition of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator?

A

It is the act of narrowing or widening an airway.

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17
Q

What does the Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) do in controlling the airway lumen size?

A

-Bronchoconstriction
-Pulmonary Vasodilation
-Mucous gland secretion via muscarinic receptors

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18
Q

What does the Sympathetic (Adrenergic) do in controlling the airway lumen size?

A

-Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
-Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
-Inhibits mucous gland secretion

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19
Q

What other humeral factors can promote Bronchoconstriction?

A

-Histamine,Endothelin,Leukotrieness

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20
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, how is the radius and resistance to airflow effected?

A

The radius decreased= Increase in resistance to airflow

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21
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, What 5 things are in the Pathologic section?

A

-Allergens & Histamine
-Physical
-Mucus
-Edema
-Airway collapse

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22
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, what is in the physical section?

A

-BMI

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23
Q

In Bronchoconstriction, What is in the Physiologic section?

A

-Neural stimulation
-Local concentrations of CO2

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24
Q

In Bronchodilation, how is the radius and resistance to airflow effected?

A

Increase in radius= decrease in resistance to airflow

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25
Q

Parasympathetic induced airway smooth muscle _____________

A

Contraction

26
Q

Sympathetic nerves induce airway smooth muscle ___________

A

relaxation

27
Q

In Bronchodilation, what is in the physical section?

A

-Deep Inspiration

28
Q

In Bronchodilation, what is in the Physiologic section?

A

-Neural stimulation
-hormonal
-Local concentrations of CO2

29
Q

What is Collateral ventilation (COPD)?

A

-Damage to alveolar walls permitting gas to flow between alveoli, bypassing the airways

30
Q

What carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

31
Q

What carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary Veins

32
Q

What two ways can help get air into the lung ?

A

-Create a positive pressure at the airway opening to push air into the lung
-Create a negative pressure within the lung as occurs in free breathing humans

33
Q

For Inspiration:
-Respiratory muscle contraction __________ thoracic volume to ________ the lungs.
-This helps create negative pressure so ____________

A

-Increases, stretch, air moves in

34
Q

To exhale:
-Respiratory muscles relax, thoracic volume __________ due to pulling forces of the elastic lung
-This helps create positive pressure so _____________

A

-Decreases , Air moves out of lung

35
Q

Lungs “coupled” due to which 2 forces?

A
  1. Intrapleural fluid cohesive (polar water molecules attract & hold pleurae together)
    2.Transmural pressure gradient
36
Q

What happens during inspiration ?

A

-Air moves down pressure gradient during breathing
-Thorax and lungs increase in size
-Transpulmonary pressure increases to counteract the increasing elastic recoil of the lungs

37
Q

Which are Muscles of Inspiration?

A

-External Intercostals
-Diaphragm

38
Q

Which are Accessory muscle of Inspiration?

A

-Scalaneus
-Sternocleidomastoid

39
Q

Which are Muscle of active expiration

A

-Abdominal
-Internal Intercostals

40
Q

During Inspiration , what do the External Intercostals help with?

A

-It raises ribs to increase anterior-posterior & lateral thoracic volume

41
Q

During Inspiration, What do the Scalenes & Sternocleidomastoid help with?

A

-During exertion it helps elevate upper ribs & sternum

42
Q

During expiration, What does Quiet expiration (is passive) help with?

A

-Muscle relaxes, lungs and chest wall (elastic recoil) return to equilibrium

43
Q

During Expiration, what does Forced Expiration help with?

A

-Internal intercostals reduce anterior-posterior & lateral thorax volume & abdominals diaphragm up

44
Q

During Inspiration, how is it determined that how much air enters?

A

-Lung compliance & pleural pressure

45
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

-Increases lung compliance due to tissue destruction
-Breathe at high lung volume (hyperinflation)

46
Q

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

-Increased lung stiffness (non-compliant) due lung fibrosis
-breathe at very low lung volume

47
Q

The Alveoli:Surfactant
What effects does airways & alveolae lined with water have?

A

-Increases surface tension–>collapsing alveoli
-Decreases compliance and elastic recoil

48
Q

What effect does no surfactant have on lung compliance?

A

It makes the lungs highly compliant .

49
Q

What is a Spirometry?

A

A spirometer is used that records a spirogram to measure the volume of air moved during inspiration and expiration maneuvers in time

50
Q

What is Tidal volume(VT or TV)?

A

-Gas inhaled and exhaled with each resting breath

51
Q

What is Residual volume (RV)?

A

-Gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal exhalation

52
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Volume (above TV) that can be inhaled by maximum effort

53
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume(ERV)?

A

-Volume (below FRC) that can be exhaled by maximum effort

54
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

-the gas in the lungs at the end of a resting tidal breath

55
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC) ?

A
  • Total amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation
56
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Residual volume(RV)+(VC)Vital capacity=Total lung capacity (TLC)

57
Q

How do you calculate Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)+ Tidal Volume (VT or TV)= Inspiratory capacity (IC)

58
Q

Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver
What two results can the standard test give?

A

Obstructive-which can be things like asthma
Restrictive- which can be things like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

59
Q

What is forced vital capacity maneuver ?

A

-It can be forced inhalation from FRC to TLC(~1second)
-followed by forceful exhalation from TLC TO RV(~5sec)

60
Q

What can you measure with FVC Maneuver ?

A

FVC-maximum amount of air forcibly expired after.
maximum inspiration
FEV1-volume of gas exhaled during first second
FEV1% predicted-FEV1% divided by population average FEV1% for same age,sex,height

PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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