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PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 > 18. Control of Breathing > Flashcards

18. Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have to regulate O2 and CO2 levels?

A

Because of the CO2 if we keep to much CO2 in the system then it could cause respiratory acidosis

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2
Q

What is Respiratory alkalosis?

A

Excessive clearance of CO2

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3
Q

What do the Neurons in the brain stem do?

A

-Generate rhythm: in, then out
-Stimulate respiratory muscles
-Integrate feedback signals

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4
Q

What do Medullary rhythmic centre include ?

A

-Pre-Botzinger complex(PBC)
-Dorsal respiratory group(DRG)
-Ventral Respiratory group(VRG)

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5
Q

What do the Pons respiratory centres include?

A

-Apneustic area
-Pneumotaxic area

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6
Q

Is Pre Botzinger Complex (PBC) a respiratory centre?

A

NO(remember for the exam)

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7
Q

What does the Pre Botzinger Complex (PBC) do?

A

-Basal pacemaker and initiator
-this continuously sends sparks even if everything else isnt working it continues to send sparks to generate breathing

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8
Q

In what other circumstances do the Pre Botzinger Complex(PBC) still generate some neural activity ?

A

-Even in the absence of all external signal s
-Even under significant pharmacological blockade
-Even in severe brain damage

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9
Q

Pre Botzinger Complex(PBC) does not directly stimulate _____________, not an __________ centre itself, but activates the _________________ group

A

Inspiration, inspiratory, dorsal respiratory

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10
Q

What does the Dorsal Repiratory group (DRG) do ?

A

-Exerts primary control over basal breathing
-Principal inspiratory centre
-A critical integrator/effector of respiratory control

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11
Q

In the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG), Oscillations and/or maintenance in activity derive from:

A

-Multiple sensory inputs
-Pre-Botzinger complex
-Apneustic Centre

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12
Q

How does the DRG Downstream innervation work?

A

It gets input from other areas some excitatory and some inhibitory and there are inspiratory neurons in DRG inside the medulla that are rhytimaticly firing and then it is pushed down the spinal cord,

Efferent activity is controlled:
Phrenic Nerve—> diaphragm
External intercostal nerves/muscle—> Ribcage expansion

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13
Q

IN DRG,What does bursts of phrenic nerve activity cause ?

A

It contract the principal inspiratory muscles

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14
Q

IN DRG,What do more inspiratory stimulus do ? and what does it do when you have more frequent bursts?

A

More rapid firing, bigger and deeper breaths. and more frequent bursts lead to faster breathing rate.

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15
Q

What does Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)?

A

This only kicks in when you are very actively breathing In activities like exercise, or in some lung diseases and Dyspnea.

Efferent Activity is controlled by:
internal intercostal nerves/muscle—-> ribcage compression
abdominal muscles.—> push the diaphragm up

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16
Q

IN VRG, what does burst of internal intercostal nerve activity do? and when is VRG required ?

A

It contracts expiratory muscles, it is required under periods of high respiration, and failed passive expiration.

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17
Q

What does the Apneustic centre(APC) do ?

A

APC activates DRG AND actively prolongs inspiration :
-Prevents DRG from switching off
-Maintained phrenic nerve activity
-Longer/deeper breaths, shortened expiration

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18
Q

What does the Pneumotaxic centres (PRG)do?

A

-PRG is inhibitory to APC
-It turns off inspiration, allow expiration
-Activated by DRG

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19
Q

Inspiration ultimately turn itself off through the ___. Without inhibition from the ___, inspiration lasts much longer

A

PRG , PRG

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20
Q

How is normal breathing different from apneustic breathing ? what leads to apneustic breathing?

A

-In apnuestic you have gasping with prolonged inspiration and short/shallow expiration.
- Brainstem injury, especially severe stroke or trauma, loss of inout from mechanoreceptors are all reasons bpneustic breathing could happen

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21
Q

Draw the simple respiratory centre feedback on slide 17

A
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22
Q

What does central chemoreception detect?

A

They are most sensitive to PaCO2,somewhat sensitive to pHa and insensitive to PaO2, the sensing occurs through pH of CSF. A small change in CO2 can cause a high change in pH

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23
Q

IN central chemoreception, ___ and _____ cannot cross cerebral endothelium. _____ does freely diffuse. Recombines to ____ and __________in CSF

A

H+ , HCO3- , CO2 , Acid , bicarbonate

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24
Q

High CO2, breathe _________, low CO2 ,breathe ___________

A

faster, slower

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25
Q

What does peripheral chemoreception sense?

A

-it sense arterial blood at high flow sites.

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26
Q

Why is carotid body critical in peripheral chemoreceptions?

A

-Type I Glomus cell is the sesnor
-Glossophatyngeal nerve (IX) transmits
-Afferent interface to DRG

27
Q

What does Peripheral chemoreception respond to?

A

-It respond to PaO2, responds to the pressure of O2 NOT the content of O2
-PaCO2
-PHa(CO2 independent)

28
Q

How does the Carotid Body I response work?

A

It has slow basal firing rate but when the PaO2 drops under 60mmHg, it increases dramtically and starts to send rapid signals to fix the regulation breathing.

29
Q

What is Carotid Body Response II?

A

-Low PaO2 universally results In increased emergency ventilation
-Integrated respiratory response is still heavily dependent on PaCO2

30
Q

how high are the roles of both central and preipheral chemoreceptors in normal and emergency breathing?

A

central has a high role in normal and peripheral has low in normal
but in emergency central has a low role and peripheral a high role

31
Q

What do Pulmonary receptors and nerves help regulate ?

A

-Inspiration
-Expiration
-Emergency or protective responses

32
Q

The receptors operate through Vagus nerve so what can the stimuli be? and what is the outcome ?

A

Stimuli can be:
-Mechanical
-Chemical
Outcome can be:
-Inhibitory
-Excitatory

33
Q

What is Hering-breuer reflexes?

A

It is initiated by the expansion of lung which excites stretch mechanoreceptors in the airways.

34
Q

What do stretch mechanoreceptors do?

A

they are. inhibitory nerusons that act to supress inspiratory activity and turn inhalation into exhalation, and prevent lung over inflation.

35
Q

In Hering Breuer reflexes what do mechanorecptors also respond to?

A

Compression by Excitatory Neurons and they terminate at DRG and compression act to restart inflation at low lung volumes

36
Q

Stretch mechanoreceptors have what two classes of different firing patterns?

A

-Rapidly adapting receptors(RARs0
-Slowly adapting receptors (SARs)
they may have different roles but both help stop inspiration

37
Q

In hering breuer reflexes, what does the inflation reflex do ?

A

-It limits inspiration time and depth and lungs are expanded here

38
Q

In hering breuer reflexes, what does the deflation reflex do?

A

-Restarts inflation at low lung volumes and you compress the lungs here

39
Q

Draw the hering breuer reflex on slide 28

A
40
Q

In cortical control , what are some examples of Conscious control of muscles?

A

-singing and talking
-holding breath

41
Q

In cortical control, what are some examples of Subconscious control of respiratory centres?

A

-Emotion; pain,fear
-temperature

42
Q

Many components have multiple ______________
Most individual pathways have _________________
Possibility for ______________ signals

A

Inputs/Outputs
Redundancies
opposing/competing

43
Q

What would change in breathing if the C1-C4 phrenic and intercostal nerves were severed?

A

-breathing would be fully ventilator dependency

44
Q

What would change in breathing if C4-T6 damaged and with phrenic nerve intact ?

A

-Weak diaphragm inhaltion

45
Q

What would change in breathing if T6-T12 damaged and with intercostal nerves intact ?

A

-Full diaphragm/ rib inhalation
-No active abdominal expiration

46
Q

In altitude sickness, what happens if there is Low inspired PO2?

A

You have less oxygen in you and all around you

47
Q

In altitude sickness,What happens when Hypoxemia is detected at carotid bodies?

A

Your body starts to attempt to pull more oxygen in but there isnt much around you and every time your system breathes heavily and you get rid of more and more CO2

48
Q

What can Excessive CO2 loss cause ?

A

Respiratory alkalosis and suppression

49
Q

What symptoms arise from hypoxemia and alkalosis ?

A

-Nausea
-Light headedness
-Headaches
-Fatigue and confusion
-Insomnia

50
Q

what can happen if you keep pushing CO2 out and no O2 is coming in ?

A

It could kill you

51
Q

Hint exam question :
In the initial stage why does CO2 never go up ?

A

Because it is always dumped out/ sacrificed to get more oxygen

52
Q

How does Chronic adaption to altitude work?

A

HCO3- secrets,H+ retention, pHa falls

53
Q

How does therapeutic option to altitude work?

A

Acetazolamide forces kidney HCO3- secretion, pHa falls

54
Q

How does adaptation work to altitude if it is going term?

A

-increased O2 carrying capacity of blood
-Eryhtropoietin secretion and increased red blood cell production
-PaO2 stays low, so hypoxemia-driven respiration remains high
-Combined benefits are ‘altitude training

55
Q

What effect does Metabolic acidosis(pH<7.35) have on pH/ventilation altering conditions?

A

-hyperventilation begins to get rid go O2 which can lead to:
-Long standing diarrhea(HCO3-)
-Diabetic ketoacidosis
-Some kidney dysfunctions (H+ retention,HCO3- loss)

56
Q

What effect does Metabolic Alkalosis (pH>7.45) have on pH/ventilation altering conditions?

A

-Hypoventilation begins to retain CO2 which can lead to :
-Excessive vomiting(H+loss)
-Chronic diuretic use (HCO3- retention)
-Some kidney dysfunction (H+ loss,HCO3- retention )

57
Q

What happens to breathing during exercise?

A

Increased O2 consumption (>20-fold increase)

58
Q

What happens to CO2 production during exercise?
1.Increased PaCO2?
2.Decreased PaO2?
3.Increased H+?

A
  1. No, PaCO2 actually falls at exercise onset, and rarely rises
    2.No, PaO2 rarely <90mmHg
    3.No,severe exercis only
59
Q

What do Circulating catecholamines do in the body while we exercise?

A

They speed everything up by using drugs like dopamine, adrenaline,noradrenaline

60
Q

What response does the body have when we get high blood pressure during exercise?

A

Hypoxia like response under normal conditions

61
Q

haemoglobin has 240 times higher affinity for __than __

A

CO , O2

62
Q

What does CO poisoning reduce?

A

Reduces oxygen carrying capacity but not PaO2

63
Q

How can you treat CO poisoning ?

A

-Treat with 100% oxygen or hyperbaric O2 therapy

PHGY 1030 EXAM 3 (8 decks)

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