19. Blood elements: red cells and their diseases

Question 1

What is the function of Blood?

Answer 1

-To transport materials between cells and external environment

Question 2

What are the components of Blood?

Answer 2

-Plasma
-Erythrocytes(red blood cells)
-Leukocytes(white blood cells)
-Platelets

Question 3

What is an Erythrocyte and what is it important for?

Answer 3

-Red blood cells
-Important in O2 transport

Question 4

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 4

-White Blood cells
-immune systems mobile defence units

Question 5

What are platelets, what is it important for?

Answer 5

-Cell Fragments
-Important in Hemostasis

Question 6

What is Hematocrit(HCT)?

Answer 6

The number of Erthrocytes in blood expressed as a percent of total blood volume

Question 7

What formula do you use to calculate Hematocrit(HCT)?

Answer 7

HCT=(Volume of RBC/Volume of blood)x100

Question 8

What does the range of Hematocrit (HCT) depend on?

Answer 8

-Age and after adolescence the sex of the individual

Question 9

What are the functions of Plasma ?

Answer 9

-To carry and distribute various molecules around the body
-To absorb and distribute heat
-To transport proteins

Question 10

What are the components of Plasma ?

Answer 10

-Water
-Electrolytes
-Nutrients
-Gases
-Hormones
-Waste
-Plasma proteins

Question 11

What is the purpose of water in Plasma?

Answer 11

It is the transport medium.

Question 12

What electrolytes are in the Plasma and what is the purpose?

Answer 12

-Na+,Cl-,HCO3-,K+,Ca2+
-Membrane excitability; osmotic distribution between ECF and ICF; buffer pH changes.

Question 13

What are some examples of nutrients in the Plasma?

Answer 13

-Glucose
-Amino Acids
-Fats
-vitamins

Question 14

What is an example of gas in the plasma and what is It important for?

Answer 14

-CO2
-Important for acid-base balance

Question 15

How much percent of the total plasma weight does the plasma protein compose ?

Answer 15

-Compose 6% to 8% of plasma’s total weight.

Question 16

What are the functions of Plasma protein?

Answer 16

-Maintain osmotic pressure in capillaries to avoid fluid loss (general)
-Act as buffers to maintain blood pH(general)
-Assist transport of water insoluble compounds
-Blood clotting factors
-Protection

Question 17

What are the 3 groups of Plasma Protein ?

Answer 17

-Albumins
-Most abundant plasma proteins
-Contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure

-Globulins
-Three subclasses
-Alpha,Beta, Gamma

-Fibrogen
-Key factor in blood clotting

Question 18

Where is Hemoglobin(Hb) found and what does it contain ?

Answer 18

-Found only in red blood cells
-Pigment containing iron
-Appears reddish when oxygenated
-Appears bluish when deoxygenated

Question 19

What are the two groups that Hemoglobin(Hb) consist of?

Answer 19

-Globin Protein
-Protein composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains

-Heme groups
-Four iron containing nonprotein groups
-Each is bound to one of the polypeptides

Question 20

What is the primary role of Hemoglobin?

Answer 20

-To carry O2

Question 21

What are some Hemoglobin Disorders?

Answer 21

-Lead poisoning ->blocks heme synthesis

-Porphyria->group of different disorders caused by defects in heme production

-Thalassemia->defective global synthesis –>anemia

-Methemoglbinemia
- this when Oxidized Fe3+ os present rather Fe2+

Question 22

What is the function of Erthrocytes ?

Answer 22

-To transport oxygen(5 billion cells/ml)
-Contain no nucleus, organelles, or ribosomes BUT have enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase and glycolytic enzyme
-Flexible membrane

Question 23

What does the flexible membrane in Erythrocytes do?

Answer 23

-Allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process
-8um diameter can squeeze through 3um capillaries

Question 24

What is Erythropoiesis?

Answer 24

-it is the process where Erythrocytes are produced and erythrocytes survive about 120 days

Question 25

What helps remove most of old erythrocytes from circulation =?

Answer 25

Spleen

Question 26

Erythropoiesis occurs in _____________ under the influence of ______________

Answer 26

Bone marrow,Erythropoietin

Question 27

What is Anemia?

Answer 27

It is a below normal O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Question 28

What are causes of Anemia?

Answer 28

-Nutritional anemia
-Pernicious anemia
-Aplastic anemia
-Renal anemia
-Hemorrhagic Anemia
-Hemolytic anemia

Question 29

What is Malaria caused by and what is it transmitted by?

Answer 29

-caused by protozoan parasite that gets into red blood cells and multiplies
-Malaria parasite are transmitted by mosquito

Question 30

If you have Malaria what does the body respond with and what happens if it goes untreated ?

Answer 30

-It responds with fever but if it goes untreated it leads to death.

Question 31

What are the 4 classes of anti malaria drug?

Answer 31

-Antimicrobials
-Antifolates
-Quinoline-related compounds
-Vaccine

Question 32

What is Polycythemia?

Answer 32

-Its too many circulating red blood cells and elevated hematocrit

Question 33

What are the two general types of Polycynthemia?

Answer 33

-Primary polycythemia
-Secondary polycythemia

Question 34

What is Primary polycythemia and what is it caused by?

Answer 34

-Caused by tumour like condition in bone marrow
-Erythropoiesis proceeds at uncontrolled rate
-Resulted increase in blood viscosity

Question 35

What is Secondary Polycythemia?

Answer 35

-Erythropoietin induced adaptive mechanism to improve bloods oxygen carrying capacity in response to prolonged reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues

Question 36

What is Autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Answer 36

-Immune response against RBCs

Question 37

What are some known secondary causes of Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ?

Answer 37

-Autoimmune diseases
-Blood cancer
-Viral infection