2.1 Brazil Migration

Question 1

Causes of rural-urban

Answer 1

• Rural population growth due to development and lower death rates
• Farming mechanisation mean jobs lost and moved into centre
• Inland areas of Brazil have droughts and floods so many moved to city
• Industrialisation takes in more jobs which are better paid
• Developing skills in informal sector still improves human capital
• Better lifestyle, jobs, opportunities, schools and services
• Greater access to retail, communications and transport

May have been accelerated by:
-transport, information, cumulative causation. Farms and estates amalgamated and so people give up on the area, conditions are poor and minimum wages

Question 2

Impacts of rural-urban migration

Answer 2

• Rapid industrial growth - raise tax and GDP
• Low wages and poor housing grows shanty towns made of shacks built by people - usually on steep slopes and derelict land which are overcrowded with no proper water or sewage.
• Informal economy rise due to excess labour but do not pay taxes. Excess demand for schooling and hospitals caused pressures
• Overcrowding severe and led to traffic congestion and pollution.

Question 3

Urban-urban migration

Answer 3

Barra da Tijuca 32km down the coast from Rio with a population of 130,000.
Rio is built on narrow and congested side between mountains and sea, so packed and overpopulated.
Road is congested, pollution, street crime, graffiti, favelas, little space for leisure, overcrowding.
Many of those who can afford to aim to move out to BDT

BDT: Modern apartment complexes with guards and security, coastal motorway keeps traffic rolling to commute to Rio
-Local shops available, malls, transport, good design, service industry and offices, high HDI.