1.2 Japan

Question 1

Causes

Answer 1

• Median age predicted to rise from 48-55
• Caused due to less children and life expectancy rising
• immigration laws tight, unskilled migrants can only stay 5 years and few skilled migrants can stay.
• Good education so women work and know more about family planning, marry later due to careers, high quality of life, life expectancy and low IMR.
• Little immigration, economic insecurities as pregnancy not covered in health insurance.
• Retirement age has raised.

-14% below 15
21% over 65 - 68 dependency ratio
-Predicted by 2055 40% will be over 65
-IMR of 2 and ferility rate of 1.47
-Life expectancy 84.1
-54% non dependents
-Men marry in late 30s and women late 20s
-High cost of living - kids seen as burden
-GNI/Capita is $44k
-high housing costs and cost of living

Question 2

Impacts:

Answer 2

Healthcare $1tn in 2025

-12% of GDP spent on those not working and costs increase for pensions, health and welfare

Question 3

Possible solutions:

Answer 3

• set up companies in other countries,
• Immigration laws - cause political issues
• Later retirement
• Pension reforms
• Higher working elderly population
• Plus one policy to make having children easier and fund initiative ssusch as allocating funds to new childcare facilities, reducing educational costs and improving family housing
• Incetivising female labour force participation
• Technological innovation
• Minimise healthcare costs
• Invest in education
• Adjust qualifying ages for pensions to reduce fiscal pressure to age 65