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GEM > 2.03 & 2.04 Parasitic Infections GI > Flashcards

2.03 & 2.04 Parasitic Infections GI Flashcards

1
Q

How are GI protozoal infections acquired?

A

Fecal-oral transmission via contaminated food/water

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2
Q

what is the role of specific morphological forms of protozoal life cycles?

A

Cysts (Infective, environ resistant) & Trophozoites (Active, motile causing pathology)

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3
Q

Ingestion of infectious oocysts in water or food characteristic of?

A

Cryptosporidium spp.

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4
Q

Cysts survive in cold water; trophozoites emerge in the small intestine characteristic of?

A

Giardia intestinalis

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5
Q

Cysts ingested; trophozoites form in the gut characteristic of?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

Watery diarrhea; diagnosed using acid-fast stain, ELISA, or PCR for oocysts

A

Cryptosporidium spp

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7
Q

Greasy, foul-smelling stools without blood; identified via DFA or fecal antigen tests.

A

G. intestinalis

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8
Q

Bloody diarrhea, flask-shaped ulcers; diagnosed by stool microscopy (at least 3) for cysts/trophozoites

A

E. histolytica

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9
Q

Basic prevention of protozoal infections?

A

Water/food safety (e.g., boiling water), proper sanitation/hygiene, education on safe practices in endemic areas

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10
Q

Immunocompromised hosts with parasitic diseases at higher risk of systemic complications like what?

A

liver abscesses (amebiasis) and more chronic/severe disease (ex. chronic cryptosporidiosis in AIDS)

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11
Q

Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis tend to be what in healthy hosts?

A

self limiting

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12
Q

What are the transmission pathways of intestinal nematode infections?

A

Fecal-Oral Transmission and Skin Penetration

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13
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is spread via?

A

fecal-oral

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14
Q

Trichuris trichiura is spread via?

A

fecal-oral

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15
Q

What two nematodes have larvae that penetrate the skin?

A

Hookworms & Strongyloides stercoralis

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16
Q

How are nematode infections diagnosed?

A

Identification of characteristic eggs in stool + Scotch tape test

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17
Q

Stool sample lemon-shaped eggs indicative of what?

A

Trichuris trichiura

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18
Q

What diagnostic test for Enterobius?

A

Scotch tape test (pinworm)

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19
Q

basic prevention for nematode infections?

A

Proper sanitation to prevent soil contamination, Avoid walking barefoot, regular deworming and hygiene education

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20
Q

Which nematodes replicate in the environment?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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21
Q

public health implications of nematodes that replicate in environment?

A

Persistent infection (autoinfection) & Challenges in eradication

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22
Q

What are the clinical complications of chronic intestinal nematode infections?

A

Anemia, Malnutrition, even Rectal Prolapse

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23
Q

Severe Trichuris infections in children can lead to what complication?

A

Rectal Prolapse

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24
Q

Leaf-shaped; incomplete gut; require intermediate hosts

A

Trematodes
(Flukes)

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25
Q

Cylindrical, non-segmented; complete digestive system

A

Nematodes (Roundworms)

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26
Q

Flat, ribbon-like; segmented body (proglottids); absorb nutrients directly

A

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

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27
Q

Larvae encyst in tissues (e.g., brain), causing seizures and neurological deficits.

A

Cysticercosis via Taenia solium

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28
Q

Hydatid cysts in liver/lungs, causing mass effects or rupture complications.

A

Echinococcosis via Echinococcus granulosus

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29
Q

What are the transmission pathways of Cestodes?

A

Ingestion of encysted larvae in undercooked meat

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30
Q

What are the transmission pathways of Trematodes?

A

Consumption of contaminated aquatic plants, fish, or crustaceans with metacercariae

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31
Q

What diagnostic tools are used for cestode and trematode infections?

A

Stool examination for eggs/proglottids OR Imaging (e.g., CT/MRI) for cysticercosis or echinococcosis

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32
Q

Basic prevention for cestode and trematode infections?

A

Proper cooking of meat/fish & Sanitation and control of intermediate hosts (e.g., snails).

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33
Q

What is the diagnostic correlation of elevated eosinophil levels in helminthic infections?

A

Larval migration stages or systemic infections

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34
Q

Who do you typically see E. histolytica (bloody diarhea) infections with?

A

travelers to tropical regions, immigrants, poor sanitation for institutionalized residents

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35
Q

What will you find in non diarrhea stool samples of E. histolytica?

A

cysts with four nuclei

36
Q

What is path pneumonic in a intestinal biopsy for E histolytica or amebic infection?

A

flask shaped ulcer

37
Q

Amebiasis complications?

A

granulomatous lesions in cecum/rectosigmoid colon OR liver abcess

38
Q

Common demographic of people with giardiasis?

A

hikers that drink stream water + people with untreated well water

39
Q

Giardiasis transmission?

A

(most) contaminated water BUT ALSO uncooked veggies/fruits & person-person (fecal-oral-anal)

40
Q

Common worldwide cause of travelers diarrhea?

A

giardia intestinalis

41
Q

about how many infected carriers with giardiasis are asymptomatic and how long are they infectious for?

A

50% and they shed cysts for years

42
Q

what condition predisposes people for giardiasis?

A

IgA deficiency

43
Q

Why are fatty stools often seen in chronic giardiasis versus the watery in acute?

A

malabsorption of fat and protein at small intestine (weight loss + vit deficiency)

44
Q

Best choice to diagnose giardiasis?

A

Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) testing

45
Q

How long to boil water?

A

1 minute (3 min at high altitudes)

46
Q

Chronic diarrhea in AIDs patients?

A

Cryptosporidium spp

47
Q

Associated with water activity (lake, pools, etc.) outbreaks in US peak early summer to fall and is the leading cause of self-limiting diarrhea in healthy people (persistent malnutrition in children) ?

A

cryptosporidiosis

48
Q

Watery diarrhea = Giardia or Cryptosporidium?

A

Down to history vs. diagnostic tests

49
Q

in what condition are oocysts immediately infectious/pathogenic from the get go?

A

cryptosporidosis

50
Q

More sensitive and quicker than acid fast direct microscopy for cryptosporidium spp?

A

ELISA or DFA (fecal antigen)

NOTE
PCR for species types

51
Q

Outbreaks associated with imported fresh produce in spring/summer from tropical/subtropical areas?

A

Cyclosporiasis

52
Q

How is Cyclosporiasis is different from crypto?

A

longer duration (over 2 weeks) and can detect under UV light and requires treatment

53
Q

What is very similar to cyclosporiasis?

A

cystoisosporiasis

54
Q

What helminth has separate sexes?

A

nematodes/roundworms

55
Q

what helminth has a complete digestive system?

A

nematode/roundworm

56
Q

Who are most likely to develop symptomatic infection from nematodes?

A

children (5-14)

57
Q

What form of nematodes make them most pathogenic to host?

A

adult forms

58
Q

then most common helminth infection in the US?

A

enterobius vermicularis (human pinworm)

59
Q

severe perianal itching at night, insomnia, teeth grinding? why?

A

enterobius vermicularis
(mature pregnant female lays eggs there)

60
Q

Key strategy to catch and treat pinworms?

A

scotch tape test in morning and treat everyone in the household

61
Q

where is trichuris trichiura infection located?

A

cecum and colon

62
Q

round worm (ascaris lumbricoides) infection location?

A

jejunum (obstruction risk)

63
Q

Eggs with polar plugs?

A

trichuris trichiuria (whip worm)

64
Q

eggs with thick shell?

A

ascaris lumbricoides

65
Q

eggs with thin shell?

A

hookworms (necator/ancylostoma)

66
Q

rhabditiform larvae?

A

strongyloides stercoralis

67
Q

intestinal blockage, mild to sever cough, eosinophilia, abdominal pain, vomiting,, diarrhea

A

ascariasis

68
Q

most asymptomatic but if heavy worm burden, bloody painful diarrhea, rectal prolapse (children), chronic: growth impair/anemia/cognition impairment

A

trichuriasis

69
Q

the major cause of iron deficiency anemia in children and women

A

hookworms

70
Q

koilonychia, exertional dyspnea, heart murmurs, dermatitis, pneumonia, eosinophilia

A

hookworm

71
Q

can distinctly replicate in the human host and free living environment + autoinfection post skin penetration

A

strongyloides stercoralis

72
Q

high worm burden eosinophila, dry cough, diarrhea, vomiting, can migrate to lung, CNS, liver, and kidneys in immunosuppressed people

A

strongyloides stercoralis

73
Q

When infected from pork meat cysts it causes minimal symptoms

A

T solium

74
Q

When infected from eggs from infected humans it can have mass effect to CNS, seizures, hydrocephalus, and arachnoiditis

A

T solium

75
Q

transmission from cysts in beef and can cause abdominal discomfort and proglottid migration

A

T saginata

76
Q

from freshwater fish cysts that has minimal symptoms but can cause it b12 deficiency

A

diphyllobothrium latum

77
Q

eggs from infected dogs or sheep, cattle, etc. that can have mass effect to pain, obstruction of organs, or secondary bacterial infections

A

Echinococcus granulosus aka hydatid cyst disease (CE)

78
Q

raw or undercooked meat transmission, most asymptomatic but can have abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, nause/upset, complication cysticercosis with active proglottids in stool

A

taeniasis

79
Q

the leading cause of adult-onset seizures in low-income countries (brain, muscles, eyes)

A

cysticercosis

80
Q

taeniasis diagnosis?

A

stool samples on 3 different days and microscope view

81
Q

the largest tapeworm that can infect humans?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

82
Q

dog tapeworm?

A

echinococcus

83
Q

What always serves as the first intermediate host for trematodes (flukes) to complete the life cycle?

A

mollusks (snails + clams)

84
Q

water plants, largest intestinal fluke, symptoms related to worm load, South and SE Asia,

A

fasciolopsis buski

85
Q

aquatic plants, infects bile ducts and the liver causing migration-related and chronic biliary symptoms, especially in sheep regions

A

fasciola hepatica

86
Q

undercooked fish, Chinese liver fluke, colonizes bile duct, cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), jaundice, hepatomegaly, gallstones, east asia

A

clonorchis sinensis

GEM (28 decks)

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