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GEM > 1.08 Gut Function + Innervation > Flashcards

1.08 Gut Function + Innervation Flashcards

1
Q

What plexus is responsible for control of secretory functions, absorption, and blood flow?

A

Submucosal plexus

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2
Q

What plexus is responsible for control of motility regulating circular and longitudinal muscle?

A

Myenteric plexus

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3
Q

What is the origin of parasympathetics in GI tract?

A

Medulla oblongata = CNX
Sacral spinal cord = pelvic splanchnic nerves

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4
Q

What is the role of parasympathetics in GI?

A

Increase motility, secretions, blood flow, and relaxation of sphincters

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5
Q

What organs do the cranial division of the parasympathetics innervate?

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (cecum, ascending, and proximal 2/3 transverse)

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6
Q

What kind of receptors are the postganglinic neurons terminateing on smooth muscle or glans within the parasympathetic system?

A

Muscarinic

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter is used for the parasympathetics?

A

Ach

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8
Q

What kind of receptor is present when Ach is released from the preganglionic vagus nerve to the submucosal or myenteric plexus?

A

Nicotinic

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9
Q

What organs are innervated by the parasympathetic sacral division?

A

1/3 transverse colon, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal to sphincter

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10
Q

What sacral levels do the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerve arises?

A

S2-S4

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11
Q

Where do the postganglionic neurons of PARA originate?

A

Terminal ganglia of myenteric/submucosal plexus

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12
Q

What are the neuron structure/trends of the PARA pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

Pre = long, myelinated , fast
Post = short, unmyelinated, slow

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13
Q

What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?

A

Nicotinic = ligand gated ion channels
Muscarinic = GPCR

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14
Q

What spinal levels do the sympathetic nerves originate from?

A

T5-L2 (thoracolumbar nerves)

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation relationship to sphincter muscle?

A

Inhibitor to non-sphincter
Excitatory to sphincter (contract)

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16
Q

What are the sympathetic roles to digestion?

A

Decrease motility, secretions, blood flow (vasoconstrict) and contract sphincters

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17
Q

What are the neuron structure of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

A

Pre = short, myelinated, fast
Post = long, unmyelinated, slow

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18
Q

What neurotransmitters do the pre and post ganglionic neurons release in SYM?

A

Pre = Ach
Post = NE

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19
Q

What are the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

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20
Q

The release of NE from postganglionic SYM neuron to what receptor allows for smooth muscle relaxation?

A

B2

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21
Q

The release of NE from postganglionic SYM neuron to what receptor allows for sphincter contraction?

A

A1

22
Q

The release of NE from postganglionic SYM neuron to what receptor allows for secretion suppression?

A

A2

23
Q

The release of NE from postganglionic SYM neuron to what receptor allows for vessel vasoconstriction?

A

A1

24
Q

What kind of neurons are confined to the enteric nervous system as a single axon with multiple branches to detect mechanical, chemical, and thermal changes?

A

IPANs (intrinsic primary afferent neurons)

25
Q

What NT do IPANs release?

A

Ach to Muscarinic receptors
Substance P to Neurokine receptors (NK)

26
Q

IPANs communicate to what I order to integrate reflex control of gut function?

A

Interneurons (plexuses)

27
Q

IPANS communicate to what in order to get immediate response for smooth muscle contraction or glandular secretion?

A

Motor neurons

28
Q

Ascending IPANs (oral direction) do what to motor neurons for peristaltic propel?

A

Activate excitatory motor neurons

29
Q

Descending IPANs (anal direction) activate what in order to relax smooth muscle downstream?

A

Inhibitory motor neurons

30
Q

What is the interneuron structure?

A

Multipolar with multiple dendrites and axons

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by SENSORY IPANs to interneurons?

A

Serotonin (5-HT) = excitatory (fast = 5-HT3 vs prolonged 5-HT4)

32
Q

Interneurons release what in excitatory pathways to motor neurons?

A

Ach
(To N2 = smooth mm contract)

33
Q

Interneurons release what to descending pathways/motor neurons to mediate smooth muscle relaxation?

A

NO
(to soluble guanylyl cyclase)

34
Q

What is the neuron structure of motor neurons in the ENS?

A

Multipolar extensive dendrites

35
Q

What are the four kinds of motor neurons in the ENS?

A
  1. Excitatory
  2. Inhibitory
  3. Secretomotor
  4. Vasodilator
36
Q

Key NT for excitatory motor neurons and their receptors?

A

Ach to M3/M2
SubP to NK1/NK2

37
Q

Inhibitory motor neuron NT and their receptors?

A

NO = soluble guanylyl cyclase
VIP = VPAC1/VPAC2

38
Q

Secretory motor neuron NT and their receptors?

A

Ach = M3
VIP = VPAC1/VPAC2

39
Q

Vasomotor motor neurons Nt and their receptors?

A

VIP = VPAC1/VPAC2
NO = sGC

40
Q

What is the SIP syncytium and what is it made up of?

A

Smooth muscle cell network
1. Smooth muscle cells (S)
2. Interstitial cells (ICCs)
3. PDGFRa+ cells

41
Q

What are ICCs?

A

Pacemakers that generate SLOW waves to set baseline rhythm

42
Q

What mediate inhibitory signals from enteric motor neurons and are responsive to NO and VIP?

A

PDGFRa+ cells

43
Q

What is the structure of ICC?

A

Spindle shaped with long processes

44
Q

What is the excitatory NT for ICCs?

A

Ach = M3 (to increase intracellur calcium of smooth muscle cells)
SubP = NK1

45
Q

What are the ICC inhibitory NTs?

A

NO = sGC
VIP = VPAC1

46
Q

What are the key NT and receptors for PGFRa+ cells?

A

NO (sGC) and VIP (VAPC1)

47
Q

Although PDGFRa+ cells also use gap junctions to propagate its effects onto smooth muscle cells, how is it different from ICC inhibitory functions?

A

It does not produce waves

48
Q

In what directions are the ICC and PDGFRa+ cells more involved?

A

Ascending - oral - excitatory ICC
Descending - anal - inhib med PDGFRa+

49
Q

What can help diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders in biopsy (gastroparesis, chronic constipation, and intestinal pseudo obstruction) ?

A

Reduced ICC density

50
Q

Targeting NO or VPAC on what cells may improve smooth muscle relaxation and gut function in conditions like achalasia, functional obstruction, or plastic disorders ?

A

PDGFRa+

GEM (28 decks)

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