2025 02 Flashcards
upend
Trump’s Moves to Upend Federal Bureaucracy Touch Off Fear and Confusion
Agencies are gripped with uncertainty about how to implement the blizzard of new policies as workers frantically try to assess the impact on their lives.
Upend（ひっくり返す）
Part of Speech
Verb (動詞)
Pronunciation (IPA)
/ʌpˈɛnd/
Meanings
To turn something upside down or set it on its end
Literal meaning: Refers to physically flipping or turning an object so that the bottom faces up.
Example: “She upended the box to see what was inside.”
日本語: 逆さまにする、ひっくり返す
To cause drastic change or disrupt the normal order of something
Figurative meaning: Refers to overturning or significantly altering a system, situation, or structure.
Example: “The new regulations could upend the industry.”
日本語: 根本的に覆す、大混乱を引き起こす
Japanese Translations
ひっくり返す
逆転させる
覆す（くつがえす）
破壊する
English Synonyms
For the literal meaning: flip, overturn, invert, topple
For the figurative meaning: disrupt, overturn, shake up, dismantle, overhaul
Example Sentences
Literal Usage
English: “The child upended the bowl, spilling cereal all over the floor.”
Japanese: 「その子どもはボウルをひっくり返して、シリアルを床にぶちまけた。」
English: “The strong wind upended several trash cans in the street.”
Japanese: 「強風でいくつものゴミ箱がひっくり返った。」
Figurative Usage
English: “The scandal threatens to upend the company’s reputation.”
Japanese: 「そのスキャンダルは会社の評判を根本的に覆す恐れがある。」
English: “His unexpected resignation upended the political landscape.”
Japanese: 「彼の予期せぬ辞任は政治情勢を大きく変えた。」
overhaul
President Trump’s rapid push to overhaul the federal bureaucracy in his first days in office has been met with a mix of fear, fury and confusion throughout the work force.
Overhaul（徹底的に見直す／整備する／改革する）
Part of Speech
Verb (動詞)
Noun (名詞)
Pronunciation (IPA)
/ˈoʊ.vɚˌhɔːl/ (アメリカ英語)
/ˈəʊ.və.hɔːl/ (イギリス英語)
Meanings
As a Verb:
To examine and repair something thoroughly
Refers to inspecting something in detail and making necessary improvements or repairs.
Example: “The mechanic overhauled the engine.”
日本語: 徹底的に整備する、全面的に修理する
To make major changes to improve or reform a system
Refers to significantly changing a policy, process, or structure to improve it.
Example: “The government plans to overhaul the healthcare system.”
日本語: 徹底的に見直す、改革する
As a Noun:
A thorough examination and repair or improvement
Example: “The ship underwent a complete overhaul before its next voyage.”
日本語: 徹底的な整備、全面的な見直し
Japanese Translations
動詞: 徹底的に見直す、整備する、改革する
名詞: 徹底的な整備、改革、全面的な見直し
English Synonyms
For the verb:
Repair, revamp, renovate, reform, rebuild, restructure
For the noun:
Repair, revamp, renovation, reform, reorganization
Usage Differences
Overhaul vs. Repair:
“Overhaul” is more comprehensive, implying a complete review or transformation, while “repair” focuses on fixing specific issues.
Overhaul vs. Reform:
“Overhaul” suggests a more detailed and technical process, while “reform” emphasizes changes for improvement, often in a policy or system.
Example Sentences
As a Verb
English: “The education system needs to be completely overhauled to meet modern standards.”
Japanese: 「教育制度は現代の基準に対応するため、完全に見直される必要がある。」
English: “They overhauled the software to improve its performance.”
Japanese: 「彼らはパフォーマンス向上のため、ソフトウェアを徹底的に改善した。」
As a Noun
English: “The tax system underwent a major overhaul last year.”
Japanese: 「昨年、税制が大幅に見直された。」
English: “The old machinery needs a complete overhaul before it can be used again.”
Japanese: 「その古い機械は再利用する前に徹底的な整備が必要だ。」
upheaval
Dozens of employees across the government, many of whom spoke on the condition of anonymity because of worries of retribution, described agencies gripped with uncertainty about how to implement the new policies and workers frantically trying to assess the impact on their careers and families. As the nation’s largest employer, the upheaval in the federal government could reverberate in communities throughout the country.
政府全体で数十人の職員が、新たな政策をどのように実施すべきか不確実性に包まれている状況を語りました。その多くは、報復を恐れて匿名を条件に話しています。職員たちは、自分たちのキャリアや家族への影響を必死に評価しようとしています。
国最大の雇用主である連邦政府での混乱は、全国の地域社会に波及する可能性があります。
Upheaval（激変／大変動）
Part of Speech
Noun (名詞)
Pronunciation (IPA)
/ʌpˈhiː.vəl/
Main Meanings
A sudden and dramatic change or disruption, especially involving conflict or disorder
Refers to significant disruption or transformation in a system, situation, or environment.
Example: “The policy changes caused an upheaval in the education system.”
日本語: 激変（げきへん）、大変動（だいへんどう）
A strong or violent upward movement
Often used in a literal geological sense, such as shifts in the Earth’s crust.
Example: “The earthquake caused an upheaval of the ground.”
日本語: 持ち上がり、隆起（りゅうき）
Japanese Translations
激変（げきへん）
大変動（だいへんどう）
混乱（こんらん）（文脈による）
（地質学的文脈では）隆起（りゅうき）
English Synonyms
For societal or organizational contexts:
Disruption, turmoil, chaos, shake-up, unrest, transformation
For physical/geological contexts:
Upthrust, upheave, uplift, elevation
Usage Differences
Upheaval vs. Disruption:
“Upheaval” suggests a more dramatic, often chaotic, and widespread change.
“Disruption” focuses on interruptions or disturbances but can be less extreme.
Upheaval vs. Turmoil:
“Turmoil” emphasizes confusion and disorder, often emotional or political.
“Upheaval” leans more toward structural or systemic changes.
Example Sentences
Societal or Organizational Context
English: “The company’s sudden bankruptcy caused a major upheaval in the local job market.”
Japanese: 「その会社の突然の倒産は、地域の雇用市場に大きな激変をもたらしました。」
English: “Political upheaval often follows economic crises.”
Japanese: 「経済危機の後にはしばしば政治的な激変が続きます。」
Physical or Geological Context
English: “The volcanic eruption caused an upheaval of the surrounding landscape.”
Japanese: 「火山の噴火は周辺の地形に隆起を引き起こしました。」
English: “The earthquake triggered an upheaval that shifted entire sections of the crust.”
Japanese: 「地震は地殻の広範囲を動かす隆起を引き起こしました。」
scrutiny
精査／厳密な調査
Which Federal Programs Are Under Scrutiny? The Budget Office Named 2,600 of Them.
The Trump administration ordered temporary freezes in funding for programs spanning virtually every part of the government. Here’s the full list.
By The Upshot Staff
Jan. 28, 2025
English Synonyms（類義語）
Examination（調査、検査）
Inspection（視察、点検）
Review（見直し、再調査）
Analysis（分析）
Audit（監査）
解雇手当
severance
seh
·
vr
·
uhns
appeal
Appeal（訴え／魅力／上訴）
Part of Speech（品詞）
Noun（名詞）
Verb（動詞）
Pronunciation（発音・IPA）
/əˈpiːl/
Meanings（意味）
As a Noun（名詞として）
A request for help, support, or reconsideration（懇願・訴え）
Example: “The charity made an appeal for donations.”
日本語: 「その慈善団体は寄付を求める訴えを行った。」
類義語: plea, request, petition
The quality of being attractive or interesting（魅力・人気）
Example: “This movie has a universal appeal.”
日本語: 「この映画は世界中で魅力がある。」
類義語: charm, attractiveness, fascination
A formal request to overturn a decision, especially in law（上訴・控訴）
Example: “The lawyer filed an appeal against the court’s decision.”
日本語: 「弁護士は裁判の判決に対して控訴を申し立てた。」
類義語: petition, challenge
As a Verb（動詞として）
To make a request for something important（求める／訴える）
Example: “She appealed for calm after the protest.”
日本語: 「彼女は抗議の後、冷静になるよう訴えた。」
類義語: plead, request
To attract or interest someone（魅力を持つ）
Example: “The new design appeals to younger customers.”
日本語: 「その新しいデザインは若い顧客に魅力的だ。」
類義語: attract, entice
To formally ask for a change in a legal decision（控訴する）
Example: “The defendant decided to appeal the ruling.”
日本語: 「被告は判決に控訴することを決めた。」
類義語: challenge, contest
Japanese Translations（日本語訳）
名詞: 訴え（うったえ）、魅力（みりょく）、控訴（こうそ）
動詞: 求める（もとめる）、訴える（うったえる）、控訴する（こうそする）
English Synonyms（類義語）
As a noun: plea, request, petition, charm, attraction, lawsuit
As a verb: plead, request, attract, challenge, petition
Usage Differences（使い分け）
Appeal vs. Request:
“Appeal” often implies urgency or emotional depth.
“Request” is neutral and polite.
Appeal vs. Attract:
“Appeal” is broader and can include intellectual, emotional, or cultural attraction.
“Attract” is more physical or visual.
Appeal vs. Plead:
“Appeal” is often formal or persuasive.
“Plead” is stronger and more emotional.
Example Sentences（例文）
As a Noun（名詞として）
For Requests（訴え・懇願）
English: “The organization issued an appeal for volunteers.”
Japanese: 「その団体はボランティアを求める訴えを発表した。」
For Attractiveness（魅力）
English: “The luxury brand has strong appeal among high-income consumers.”
Japanese: 「その高級ブランドは高所得層の消費者に強い魅力を持つ。」
For Legal Cases（控訴・上訴）
English: “He lost the case but plans to file an appeal.”
Japanese: 「彼は裁判で敗訴したが、控訴する予定だ。」
As a Verb（動詞として）
For Requests（求める／訴える）
English: “The mayor appealed for peace in the city.”
Japanese: 「市長は市民に平和を訴えた。」
For Attractiveness（魅力を持つ）
English: “The advertisement appeals to young people.”
Japanese: 「その広告は若者に魅力的だ。」
For Legal Actions（控訴する）
English: “The company appealed the court’s decision.”
Japanese: 「その企業は裁判所の判決に控訴した。」
Summary（まとめ）
“Appeal” as a noun: 訴え／魅力／控訴
“Appeal” as a verb: 求める／魅了する／控訴する
Common in: Requests, attractiveness, legal cases
Similar to: plead, request, attract, challenge
conviction
有罪判決
