science

Question 1

foundation model

Answer 1

Researchers have designed specialized AI models that perform particular tasks related to certain types of molecules. A well-known example is AlphaFold, which predicts the structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences. But ChatGPT and many other AIs are general-purpose programs, what some researchers call foundation models. Their versatility is advantageous because scientists don’t have to build and train a different model for each task, saving time and money. ChatGPT is known as a large language model (LLM) because it works with almost any kind

Question 2

bifuraction

Answer 2

“Bifurcation” in this context refers to a point where a cell’s fate diverges into different paths. So, it’s about the moment when a cell chooses between different outcomes influenced by external and internal factors.
“Bifurcation” is translated into Japanese as 「分岐」 (ぶんき).

Question 3

supervised learning

Answer 3

In AI modeling, “supervising” typically refers to “supervised learning.” This is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on a labeled dataset, meaning the input data is paired with the correct output. The model learns to make predictions or decisions based on this labeled data.

Unsupervised Learning: The model is trained on data without labeled responses and tries to find patterns or structures on its own.

Semi-Supervised Learning: Combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data.

Reinforcement Learning: The model learns by interacting with the environment and receiving rewards or penalties based on its actions.

Question 4

active learning

Answer 4

Active learning is a technique where the model can query a human expert (or an oracle) to label new data points that it finds most informative. This approach helps the model learn more efficiently by focusing on the most challenging or uncertain examples.
Imagine you’re training a model to recognize cats in photos. Instead of labeling every photo yourself, the model picks out photos it’s most unsure about and asks you to label just those. This way, you save time and effort, focusing only on the trickiest examples.
“label”

Question 5

錯覚、妄想

Answer 5

Delusions

Question 6

C.elegans < Nematoda < Metazoa

Answer 6

Nematoda　線形動物門
Metazoa　後世動物：多細胞動物を総称する区分