2.02 - Phonology Flashcards
What is Phonology?
The sound system of a language
What is Articulation?
The motor production of sound
If a client has difficulty producing sounds correctly, then they have a ___________.
Articulation disorder
If a client is having difficulty acquiring a phonological system then they client has a ________.
Phonological disorder
What is the primary focus on Articulation Therapy?
Motor practice
What is the primary focus in Phonology Therapy?
Teaching feature contrasts
What are Descriptions & Demonstrations? What can this accomplish?
Describing and demonstrating the production of the sound
This can heighten the clients awareness of selected characteristics of speech
What are Metaphors?
Comparing an aspect of speech to something (that is not speech related)
What are Touch/Tactile Cues?
Movements made by the clinician or client that draw the clients attention to how a characteristic of sound is produced
What is Imitation?
The client repeats the clinician
What is Phonetic Placement?
Teaching the lingual and labial placement for sound
Teaching where to put the tongue and lips to produce a sound
What is Shaping?
Using a sound the client already knows to produce a new sound
What are three aspects to remediation of phonological disorders?
Phonological processes
Distinctive features
Paired oppositions (minimal or maximal)
Phonological processes are strategies used by young, typically developing children to _________.
Simplify the production of adult speech sounds
When do phonological processes typically disappear?
4 1/2 years
What two things are common in children with phonological disorders?
The use of phonological processes longer when compared to peers of the same age
The use of non-developmental processes
What is Unstressed Syllable Deletion?
Deleting unstressed syllables
What is Final Consonant Deletion?
Deleting the final consonant
What is Reduplication?
Repeating a simplified syllable
/wawa/ for “water”
What is Consonant Harmony/Assimilation?
Reduplicating a consonant instead of producing two unique consonants
/dʌd/ for “duck”
What is Cluster Reduction?
Simplifying consonant clusters
/tʌk/ for “truck”
What is Metathesis?
Switching sounds around within a word
/æmɪnəl/ for “animal”
What is Epenthesis?
Separating consonant clusters with /ə/
/bəlæk/ for “black”
What is Velar Fronting?
Substituting a velar stop for an alveolar stop
/tɑr/ for “car”
What is Backing?
Substituting the place of production for one further back in the mouth
/kʌn/ for “sun”
What is Depalatalization?
Substituting a non-palatal sound for a palatal one
/yʌmp/ for “jump”
/fɪs/ for “fish”
What is Stopping?
Substituting a stop in place of a fricative
What is Gliding?
Substituting a glide for a liquid
/weɪk/ for “rake”
What is Devoicing?
Substituting an unvoiced consonant for one that is voiced
/sæt/ for “sad”
What is Prevocalic Voicing?
Voicing consonants that come before vowels
/gaʊ/ for “cow”
What phonological processes should be suppressed (dropped) by age 3?
(3)
Final consonant deletion
Assimilation
Syllable deletion
What phonological processes should be dropped after 3?
6
Fronting
Stopping
Gliding
Cluster reduction
Metathesis
Epenthesis
What are less common phonological processes?
2
Metathesis
Epenthesis
What are Uncommon Phonological Processes?
3
Initial Consonant Deletion
Backing
Glottal Substitution
We should target phonological processes that occur ___% of the time.
40%
We should target phonological processes that ___________ and/or ___________.
Should have disappeared by the child’s current age (developmental approach)
Contribute to unintelligibility (client specific approach)
The goal of intervention for a child with a phonological disorder is to teach them _______ and to decrease their use of ______.
Distinctive features missing
Phonological processes
What are five approaches commonly used in phonological therapy?
Traditional
Motor-Kinesthetic
Distinctive Features
Minimal Pairs/Contrastive Approach
Phonological Processes (Cycles Approach)
Who is the Phonological/Cycles Approach usually used with?
Children with several processes
Which approach tends to be the best for children with phonological disorders?
The Phonological/Cycles approach with the other 4 in mind
What are Distinctive Features?
3
Articulatory patterns
Acoustic properties of sound
Binary features (presence or absence of a feature)
What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 1;6-2;0?
(3)
/p/ & /b/
/t/ & /d/
/m/ & /n/
What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 1;6-2;0?
(3)
Anteriors
Not Continuants
Not Vocalics
What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 2;0-2;6?
(4)
All stops
All nasals
/h/
/w/
What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 2;0-2;6?
(2)
Not Stridents
Not Vocalics
What are Vocalics?
2
Sounds where the oral cavity is less than what is required for the high vowels (/i/ & /u/)
Liquids - All
What are Consonantals?
6
Sounds with marked constriction to the midline region of the vocal tract
Stops excepting /Ɂ/
Fricatives excepting /h/
Affricates - All
Nasals - All
Liquids - All
What are High Phonemes?
6
Ones where the body of the tongue is raised above neutral
/k/ & /g/
/ʃ/ & /ʒ/
/ʧ/ & /ʤ/
/ŋ/
Glides - All
What are Back Phonemes?
4
Ones where the body of the tongue is retracted behind neutral
/k/ & /g/
/ŋ/
/w/
What are Low Phonemes?
3
Ones where the body of the tongue is lowered below neutral
/Ɂ/
/h/
What are Anterior Phonemes?
5
The point of constriction is further forward than that needed for /ʃ/
Stops - Except Velars & /Ɂ/
Fricatives - Except Palatals & /h/
/m/ & /n/
/l/
What are Coronals?
6
Phonemes where the tongue blade is elevated towards the alveolar ridge or palate
/t/ & /d/
Fricatives - Except Labiodentals & /h/
Affricates - All
/n/ & /ŋ/
Liquids - All
What are Unvoiced Phonemes?
Those produced without voicing
What are Continuants?
5
Those produced with partial constriction of the oral cavity. This allows the sound to be sustained in a steady state
/Ɂ/
Fricatives - All
Liquids - All
Glides - All
What are Nasals?
Sounds where the velum is lowered to allow the sound stream to escape through the nose
/m/, /n/, & /ŋ/
What are Stridents?
3
Turbulent noise created by a rapid airflow through a small opening
Fricatives - Except /h/
Affricates - All
What is Distinctive Features Treatment?
2
The clinician selects a feature for training
The clinician presents syllable and/or word pairs that contrast this feature with the absence of the feature
What is the flow of Distinctive Features Treatment?
4
Auditory Discrimination (can difference be perceived)
Production in isolation
Production in syllables
Production in conversation
What is the Minimal Pairs Treatment Approach?
Using contrasts to facilitate the perception and production of the feature using word pairs
What are Minimal Pairs?
Pairs the differ in only one feature
“bee” versus “pea”
What are Maximal Pairs?
Pairs that differ in many features
“pea” versus “me”
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Final Consonant Deletion?
“play” versus “plate”
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Gliding?
“ring” versus “wing”
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Stopping?
“sew” versus “toe”
What is another word for “Stopping”?
Stridency Deletion
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Consonant Cluster Reduction?
“play” versus “pay”
“blow” versus “bow”
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Fronting?
“guy” versus “dye”
What is another word for “Fronting”?
Velar Deficiency
What is the most widely used phonological process approach?
Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach
In the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach, what guides when you change treatment targets?
Time
What does the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach reduplicate?
The gradual nature of articulation and phonological acquisition
What does “cycle” refer to in “Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach”?
The time period during which all error patterns that need remediation are facilitated in succession
Week 1 = Target 1
Week 2 = Target 2
Week 3 = Target 3
Week 4 = Target 1
Etc.
What treatment activities are used in the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach?
(2)
Auditory bombardment
Drill play
What age is Stage 1 of Phonological Development usually seen?
0-12 months
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 1 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the practice of vocal skills that will be the basis for later speech development
(CV, CVC)
What age is Stage 2 of Phonological Development usually seen?
12-24 months
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 2 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the acquisition of sounds and syllables in specific words
No syllable reduction
What age is Stage 3 of Phonological Development usually seen?
2-5 years
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 3 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting classes or sounds
What age is Stage 4 of Phonological Development usually seen?
5+ years
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 4 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting
- Late-acquired consonants
- Clusters
- Unstressed syllables (especially in difficult, multisyllabic words)
