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Clinical Methods > 2.02 - Phonology > Flashcards

2.02 - Phonology Flashcards

0
Q

What is Phonology?

A

The sound system of a language

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1
Q

What is Articulation?

A

The motor production of sound

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2
Q

If a client has difficulty producing sounds correctly, then they have a ___________.

A

Articulation disorder

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3
Q

If a client is having difficulty acquiring a phonological system then they client has a ________.

A

Phonological disorder

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4
Q

What is the primary focus on Articulation Therapy?

A

Motor practice

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5
Q

What is the primary focus in Phonology Therapy?

A

Teaching feature contrasts

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6
Q

What are Descriptions & Demonstrations? What can this accomplish?

A

Describing and demonstrating the production of the sound

This can heighten the clients awareness of selected characteristics of speech

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7
Q

What are Metaphors?

A

Comparing an aspect of speech to something (that is not speech related)

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8
Q

What are Touch/Tactile Cues?

A

Movements made by the clinician or client that draw the clients attention to how a characteristic of sound is produced

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9
Q

What is Imitation?

A

The client repeats the clinician

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10
Q

What is Phonetic Placement?

A

Teaching the lingual and labial placement for sound

Teaching where to put the tongue and lips to produce a sound

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11
Q

What is Shaping?

A

Using a sound the client already knows to produce a new sound

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12
Q

What are three aspects to remediation of phonological disorders?

A

Phonological processes

Distinctive features

Paired oppositions (minimal or maximal)

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13
Q

Phonological processes are strategies used by young, typically developing children to _________.

A

Simplify the production of adult speech sounds

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14
Q

When do phonological processes typically disappear?

A

4 1/2 years

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15
Q

What two things are common in children with phonological disorders?

A

The use of phonological processes longer when compared to peers of the same age

The use of non-developmental processes

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16
Q

What is Unstressed Syllable Deletion?

A

Deleting unstressed syllables

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17
Q

What is Final Consonant Deletion?

A

Deleting the final consonant

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18
Q

What is Reduplication?

A

Repeating a simplified syllable

/wawa/ for “water”

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19
Q

What is Consonant Harmony/Assimilation?

A

Reduplicating a consonant instead of producing two unique consonants

/dʌd/ for “duck”

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20
Q

What is Cluster Reduction?

A

Simplifying consonant clusters

/tʌk/ for “truck”

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21
Q

What is Metathesis?

A

Switching sounds around within a word

/æmɪnəl/ for “animal”

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22
Q

What is Epenthesis?

A

Separating consonant clusters with /ə/

/bəlæk/ for “black”

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23
Q

What is Velar Fronting?

A

Substituting a velar stop for an alveolar stop

/tɑr/ for “car”

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24
Q

What is Backing?

A

Substituting the place of production for one further back in the mouth

/kʌn/ for “sun”

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25
Q

What is Depalatalization?

A

Substituting a non-palatal sound for a palatal one

/yʌmp/ for “jump”

/fɪs/ for “fish”

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26
Q

What is Stopping?

A

Substituting a stop in place of a fricative

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27
Q

What is Gliding?

A

Substituting a glide for a liquid

/weɪk/ for “rake”

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28
Q

What is Devoicing?

A

Substituting an unvoiced consonant for one that is voiced

/sæt/ for “sad”

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29
Q

What is Prevocalic Voicing?

A

Voicing consonants that come before vowels

/gaʊ/ for “cow”

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30
Q

What phonological processes should be suppressed (dropped) by age 3?

(3)

A

Final consonant deletion

Assimilation

Syllable deletion

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31
Q

What phonological processes should be dropped after 3?

6

A

Fronting

Stopping

Gliding

Cluster reduction

Metathesis

Epenthesis

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32
Q

What are less common phonological processes?

2

A

Metathesis

Epenthesis

33
Q

What are Uncommon Phonological Processes?

3

A

Initial Consonant Deletion

Backing

Glottal Substitution

34
Q

We should target phonological processes that occur ___% of the time.

A

40%

35
Q

We should target phonological processes that ___________ and/or ___________.

A

Should have disappeared by the child’s current age (developmental approach)

Contribute to unintelligibility (client specific approach)

36
Q

The goal of intervention for a child with a phonological disorder is to teach them _______ and to decrease their use of ______.

A

Distinctive features missing

Phonological processes

37
Q

What are five approaches commonly used in phonological therapy?

A

Traditional

Motor-Kinesthetic

Distinctive Features

Minimal Pairs/Contrastive Approach

Phonological Processes (Cycles Approach)

38
Q

Who is the Phonological/Cycles Approach usually used with?

A

Children with several processes

39
Q

Which approach tends to be the best for children with phonological disorders?

A

The Phonological/Cycles approach with the other 4 in mind

40
Q

What are Distinctive Features?

3

A

Articulatory patterns

Acoustic properties of sound

Binary features (presence or absence of a feature)

41
Q

What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 1;6-2;0?

(3)

A

/p/ & /b/

/t/ & /d/

/m/ & /n/

42
Q

What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 1;6-2;0?

(3)

A

Anteriors

Not Continuants

Not Vocalics

43
Q

What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 2;0-2;6?

(4)

A

All stops

All nasals

/h/

/w/

44
Q

What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 2;0-2;6?

(2)

A

Not Stridents

Not Vocalics

45
Q

What are Vocalics?

2

A

Sounds where the oral cavity is less than what is required for the high vowels (/i/ & /u/)

Liquids - All

46
Q

What are Consonantals?

6

A

Sounds with marked constriction to the midline region of the vocal tract

Stops excepting /Ɂ/

Fricatives excepting /h/

Affricates - All

Nasals - All

Liquids - All

47
Q

What are High Phonemes?

6

A

Ones where the body of the tongue is raised above neutral

/k/ & /g/

/ʃ/ & /ʒ/

/ʧ/ & /ʤ/

/ŋ/

Glides - All

48
Q

What are Back Phonemes?

4

A

Ones where the body of the tongue is retracted behind neutral

/k/ & /g/

/ŋ/

/w/

49
Q

What are Low Phonemes?

3

A

Ones where the body of the tongue is lowered below neutral

/Ɂ/

/h/

50
Q

What are Anterior Phonemes?

5

A

The point of constriction is further forward than that needed for /ʃ/

Stops - Except Velars & /Ɂ/

Fricatives - Except Palatals & /h/

/m/ & /n/

/l/

51
Q

What are Coronals?

6

A

Phonemes where the tongue blade is elevated towards the alveolar ridge or palate

/t/ & /d/

Fricatives - Except Labiodentals & /h/

Affricates - All

/n/ & /ŋ/

Liquids - All

52
Q

What are Unvoiced Phonemes?

A

Those produced without voicing

53
Q

What are Continuants?

5

A

Those produced with partial constriction of the oral cavity. This allows the sound to be sustained in a steady state

/Ɂ/

Fricatives - All

Liquids - All

Glides - All

54
Q

What are Nasals?

A

Sounds where the velum is lowered to allow the sound stream to escape through the nose

/m/, /n/, & /ŋ/

55
Q

What are Stridents?

3

A

Turbulent noise created by a rapid airflow through a small opening

Fricatives - Except /h/

Affricates - All

56
Q

What is Distinctive Features Treatment?

2

A

The clinician selects a feature for training

The clinician presents syllable and/or word pairs that contrast this feature with the absence of the feature

57
Q

What is the flow of Distinctive Features Treatment?

4

A

Auditory Discrimination (can difference be perceived)

Production in isolation

Production in syllables

Production in conversation

58
Q

What is the Minimal Pairs Treatment Approach?

A

Using contrasts to facilitate the perception and production of the feature using word pairs

59
Q

What are Minimal Pairs?

A

Pairs the differ in only one feature

“bee” versus “pea”

60
Q

What are Maximal Pairs?

A

Pairs that differ in many features

“pea” versus “me”

61
Q

What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Final Consonant Deletion?

A

“play” versus “plate”

62
Q

What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Gliding?

A

“ring” versus “wing”

63
Q

What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Stopping?

A

“sew” versus “toe”

64
Q

What is another word for “Stopping”?

A

Stridency Deletion

65
Q

What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Consonant Cluster Reduction?

A

“play” versus “pay”

“blow” versus “bow”

66
Q

What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Fronting?

A

“guy” versus “dye”

67
Q

What is another word for “Fronting”?

A

Velar Deficiency

68
Q

What is the most widely used phonological process approach?

A

Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach

69
Q

In the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach, what guides when you change treatment targets?

A

Time

70
Q

What does the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach reduplicate?

A

The gradual nature of articulation and phonological acquisition

71
Q

What does “cycle” refer to in “Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach”?

A

The time period during which all error patterns that need remediation are facilitated in succession

Week 1 = Target 1

Week 2 = Target 2

Week 3 = Target 3

Week 4 = Target 1

Etc.

72
Q

What treatment activities are used in the Phonological Processes Cycle’s Approach?

(2)

A

Auditory bombardment

Drill play

73
Q

What age is Stage 1 of Phonological Development usually seen?

A

0-12 months

74
Q

What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 1 of Phonological Development?

A

Facilitating the practice of vocal skills that will be the basis for later speech development

(CV, CVC)

75
Q

What age is Stage 2 of Phonological Development usually seen?

A

12-24 months

76
Q

What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 2 of Phonological Development?

A

Facilitating the acquisition of sounds and syllables in specific words

No syllable reduction

77
Q

What age is Stage 3 of Phonological Development usually seen?

A

2-5 years

78
Q

What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 3 of Phonological Development?

A

Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting classes or sounds

79
Q

What age is Stage 4 of Phonological Development usually seen?

A

5+ years

80
Q

What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 4 of Phonological Development?

A

Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting

  • Late-acquired consonants
  • Clusters
  • Unstressed syllables (especially in difficult, multisyllabic words)

Clinical Methods (11 decks)

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