2.01 - Articulation Flashcards
In Articulation Therapy emphases the __________.
Motor Component of Speech
Articulation deficiencies are _______, _______, and _______ at the “motor” level.
Substitution
Omission
Distortion
Articulation issues usually have an ______ reason.
Organic
What are five possible organic reasons for articulation issues?
Hearing Impairment
Cleft Palate
Tongue Thrust
Glossectomy (removal of part of the tongue)
Apraxia
What is two examples of a distortion?
Lisp
Vowel Distortions
Why is there cultural & linguistic diversity?
Accents
You have to learn a new phonemic inventory
What are three articulation & phonology tests?
GFTA (Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation)
CAAP (Clinical Assessment of Articulation & Phonology)
PAT (Photo Articulation Test)
What articulation & phonology test is used solely for adults?
Photo Articulation Test (PAT)
Do Articulation issues tend to run in patterns?
No
What are functional articulation disorders?
Usually a developmental delay
Can’t figure out how to make the sounds
There is a lot of _____ in judging spontaneous speech.
Variability
What are two tests to judge the accuracy of spontaneous speech?
SIT
WIT
What is Stimulability Testing?
Asking a client to repeat a phoneme in different words with prompting
What is a developmental approach to constructing articulation therapy?
Chose targets based on the order of aquisition
By age four, all phonemes should have emerged and be intelligible to a ________.
Familiar listener 90% of the time
A four year old might have trouble with _____. These can be worked on if the child is _______.
Later developing phonemes
Stimulable
What is a Non-Developmental approach to articulation therapy?
Using client specific factors
relevance, stimulability, ease of correction, etc.
What is Perceived Deviance?
What is most affecting intelligibilty
Omission, Substitution, or Distortion
What is Stimulability?
The client is stimulable for the treatment target
What is an Emerging Sound?
The client is able to produce the treatment target in several phonetic environments or one key phonetic environment
What is a Key Word?
The client can produce the treatment target in one or a few selected words
What is Phonetic Placement and Shaping?
Helping the client produce the treatment target through phonetic placement or through shaping an existing sound
What is a Traditional Phonetic (Artic)?
7
Discriminate sound from others
Where articulators must be to produce the sound
Produce sound in isolation
Sound in nonsense syllables
Sound in initial, medial, and final position in words
Sound in phrases & sentences
Sound in conversation
What do you use to teach a Traditional Phonetic (Artic)?
Incorporating several teaching strategies (imitation, placement cues, successive approximation, etc.)
What is a Motor-Kinesthetic Approach?
3
Develop correct movement patterns
Requires clinician to manipulate articulators
Uses tactile, kinesthetic and proprioceptive cues to map our motor movements to produce target phonemes
What does the Motor-Kinesthetic Approach assume?
That the direct manipulation of the articulators will provide positive kinesthetic and tactile feedback
What is PROMPT?
2
Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets
A Motor-Kinesthetic approach to teaching articulation
What is another name for the Traditional Approach?
Van Riper Approach
What is the Distinctive Features Approach based on?
How speech sounds are defined in terms of articulation patterns and acoustic properties
How are Distinctive Features analyzed?
3
Place
Manner
Voicing
How does Distinctive Features Approach work?
Select a feature to train
Present the target feature in syllables/words that contrast with those that do not have the feature
What happens in the Distinctive Features approach when an individual can discriminate between features?
You move to the traditional approach
What phonemes have the Vocalic feature?
Liquids - All
What phonemes have the Consonantal feature?
5
Stops - All
Fricatives - All
Affricates - All
Nasals - All
Liquids - All
What phonemes have the High feature?
5
/k/ & /g/
/ʃ/ & /ʒ/
Affricates - All
/ng/
Glides - All
What phonemes have the Back feature?
3
/k/ & /g/
/ng/
/w/
What phonemes have the Low feature?
2
/h/
glottal stop
What phonemes have the Anterior feature?
4
Bilabial & Alveolar Stops
Fricatives - excepting Palatal
/m/ & /n/
/l/
What phonemes have the Coronal feature?
5
/t/ & /d/
Fricatives - except Palatal
Affricates - All
/n/ & /ng/
Liquids - All
What phonemes have the Continuant feature?
5
Fricatives - All
Liquids - All
/h/
Glides - All
glottal stop
What phonemes have the Strident feature?
2
Fricatives - except Palatal
Affricates - All
What are the two types of Paired Oppositions?
Minimal
Maximal
What are Minimal Pairs?
Pairs that vary by one feature
What are Maximal Pairs?
Pairs that vary by more than one feature
Paired Oppositions are phonological based where phonemic targets contrast ____ vs ____ differences.
Erred
Correct
In paired oppositions, no instruction on placement is given, but instead emphasize the _____ or _____ to teach __________.
Success
Breakdown
Target production
How do you work with Paired Oppositions?
3
Introduce pairs through pictures or objects
Clients identifies the named picture or object
Roles reverse and the child requests the picture or object
(The child is rewarded by clinician’s selection of correct stimulus or is given a chance to repair the inaccurate production)
What are Phonological Processes?
Strategies used by younger, TD kids to simplify production of more advanced targets
When are Phonological Processes usually suppressed?
By age 4
Phonological Processes are used to ______ for persons with _______ that result in poor speech intelligibility.
Organize target behaviors
Multiple articulation errors
The Hodson & Paden phonological processes uses _____ (______).
Cycles
5-17 weeks
How does the Phonological Process Approach work?
5
Auditory Bombardment
Production Training
Stimulability Probes
Auditory Bombardment
Home Activities from Generalization
In the Phonological Process Approach, after ________, a new target is introduced.
2-6 hours of direct intervention
In the Phonological Process Approach, you want the child to ___________________________.
Internalize the patterns before moving to the next
What are the three principles of phonetic approaches?
The inability to produce a speech sound is an inability to execute the complex motor skills required
Focus on the placement and movement of the articulators
There is a sequence of stages in instruction
What are the sequence of stages used according to the Principles of Phonetic Approaches?
Isolation
Syllables
Words
Phrases
Sentences
Conversations
What are seven Facilitative Techniques used in Articulation Therapy?
(7)
Descriptions & demonstrations
Metaphors
Touch cues
Key Word
Phonetic Placement
Shaping
Phonetic Context
What are Descriptions & Demonstrations?
2
Similar to Target Specific Feedback & Direct Modeling
Describes or demonstrates production of the target sound
What do Descriptions & Demonstrations do?
Heighten the client’s awareness of selected characteristics
What are Metaphors?
Comparison of an aspect of speech to something else
What if you had peanut butter….?
What are Touch Cues?
Movements made by the client or clinician to draw a client’s attention to how to produce the sound
What are Key Words?
A word where the client can produce the target correctly
When are are Key Words used?
Periodically through treatment to remind the client of the correct production
What is Phonetic Placement?
Teaching the correct tongue and lip positions
What is Shaping?
Using a sound the client knows (a correct one or an error) to teach a new sound
What is the Phonetic Context?
A phonetic environment that can facilitate production
What are an example of Phonetic Context?
4
Sounds before or after the target sound
Word position
Syllable position
Near-by sounds
What are the nine Teaching Strategies?
Direct Modeling
Shaping
Fading
Indirect modeling
Prompts
Negative Practice
Expansion
Target-Specific Feedback
Homework
What is Cleft Palate?
A congenital malformation of the lip and/or palate
It results from the failure of the oral structures to fuse at the midline during the first trimester
Palatal repairs for Cleft Palate generally occur by _______.
The second year
What does Cleft Palate create?
Velopharyngeal Incompetence (VPI)
What are the three most significant speech problems associated with Cleft Palate?
Audible nasal air emission
Hypernasal resonance (hypernasality)
Compensatory patterns of articulation (glottal stopes, pharyngeal fricatives, etc)
What are four therapy hints to Cleft Palate speech therapy?
It often needs to assess the adequacy to the velopharnyx closure prior to the second palatal surgery
Persistent dental anomalies that may result in lateralization of fricatives & affricates
Initiate therapy as soon as possible
Use biofeedback devices
What is Mild HL?
26-40 dB
What is Moderate HL?
41-70 dB
What is Severe HL?
71-90 dB
What is Profound HL?
91+ dB
What are the most common speech errors produced by children with HL?
(5)
Omission of final consonants
Substitution of voiced consonants for voiceless ones
Omission of consonants in blends
Vowel errors (substituting schwa or other vowels, nasalization, etc.)
Distortion of fricatives and affricates
What are five techniques to working with children with HL?
5
Cued speech
Alternative sensory modalities
Using words relevant to classroom curriculum
Amplification systems
Auditory trainers for self-monitoring and classrooms
Developmental Apraxia can be ____, _____, or _____.
Speech
Motor
Both
Developmental Apraxia is a ________ characterized by a reduced ability to _________ of the articulators of speech
Motor planning disorder
Volitionally sequence
What are six speech patterns often seen with children with Developmental Apraxia?
Extremely limited phonemic inventory
Poor imitation of modeled sounds
Inconsistent errors
Vowel distortions
Struggling or groping for the oral musculature needed for speech
Errors on the suprasegmenal aspects of speech
What are five techniques that can be used with children with Developmental Apraxia?
Lots of Practice!
Oral motor movements to facilitate articulatory placement of new consonants
Repeat successes over and over again
First work on accurate production then more to more rapid production
Rhymes and songs can be used as stimuli
Articulation treatment for motor-based speech disorder needs to focus on teaching a new ____________.
Motor pattern for speech
Articulation treatment should focus on ____________.
Functional speech skills
