1.01 - Book - Ch. 1-A Flashcards
Intervention programs should be designed with careful consideration of a client’s ______. Knowledge of a client’s cognitive functioning is critical to making decisions about ______ and selecting appropriate ______.
Verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities
Eligibility for treatment
Therapy objectives
Intervention is a ______ rather than a ______ process, in which the clinician continuously assesses a client’s progress towards ______ and modifies them as necessary.
Dynamic
Static
Established goals
The ultimate goal of intervention is to teach strategies for ______ rather than teaching isolated skills or behaviors (to the extent possible). While skills are required to achieve specific outcomes in given situations, strategies enable the individual to know when and how to use their skills in ______.
Facilitating the communication process
New and varied learning contexts
Speech and language abilities are acquired and used primarily for the purpose of ______ and therefore should be taught in a ______. To the extent possible, therapy should occur in ______ and provide the client with opportunities to engage in ______.
Communication
Communicative context
Realistic situations
Meaningful communicative interactions
Intervention should be ______, based on the nature of a client’s specific ______ and individual ______.
Individually oriented
Deficits
Learning style
Intervention should be designed to ensure that a client experiences consistent ______ through all stages of the therapy program.
Success
Intervention is most effective when therapy goals are tailored to promote a client’s knowledge ________.
One step beyond the current level
Intervention should be terminated once ______ or a client is ______.
Goals are achieved
No longer making demonstrable progress
Intervention practices must be based on ______.
Scientific Evidence
Intervention should be sensitive to a client’s ______.
Cultural and linguisitic background
What is another name for Therapy Targets?
Long-term goals
What are pretreatment baselines?
Clinician designed measures
Give a client multiple opportunities to demonstrate a communicative behavior
What is a good rule of thumb when setting the number of stimuli for pretreatment baselines?
Have at least 20 stimuli for each baseline being assessed
What does Developmental/Normative Strategy mean?
A strategy where therapy targets are taught in the same general order as they emerge developmentally.
Earlier emerging behaviors are taught before later emerging behaviors
Who tends to benefit the most with a developmental/normative strategy?
Children with articulation and/or language disorders
What is a Client-Specific Strategy?
One where therapy targets are chosen based on the individual’s specific needs
Must you choose either a developmental or a client-specific strategy?
No. You can combine them
What are the three factors that determine the progression of the therapy sequence?
Stimulus Type
Task Mode
Response Level
What is the Stimulus Type?
The type of input being used to elicit target responses
What are the three stimulus types?
Direct physical manipulation
Concrete symbols
Abstract symbols
What are Concrete Symbols?
3
Objects
Photographs/Color Pictures
Black-and-White Line Drawings
What are Abstract Symbols?
2
Oral Language
Written Language
What is the Task Mode?
The support/scaffolding used by the clinician to elicit the desired response
What are three different kinds of Task Modes?
Imitation
Cue/Prompt
Spontaneous
What is the Response Level?
The degree of difficulty/complexity of target responses
What are two different types of response levels?
Increasing the length and complexity of the desired response
Decreasing the latency (time) between the stimulus presentation and the client response
What are some different complexities found in Response Levels?
(7)
Isolation
Syllable
Word
Carrier Phrase (“I see a _____”)
Phrase
Sentence
Text (conversation, narration, etc.)
If a client obtains a baseline score lower than 50% accuracy, how should the training be modified?
Training of that behavior should occur just below the level of difficulty of the baseline
If a client obtains a baseline score that is in between 50-75% accuracy, how should the training be modified?
Training can occur at the baseline’s difficulty level
If the current task appears too easy or too hard for the client, is it ok for the clinicial to modify it?
Yes!
Generalization is enhanced when intervention is provided in the most ______ contexts possible
Authentic and realistic
What can be done to aid generalization?
3
Using a variety of stimuli
Varying the physical environment
Varying the audience (familiar adult, sibling, unfamiliar adult, etc.)
What are the three parts of a behavioral objective?
“Do” Statement
Condition
Criterion
What is a “Do” Statement?
3
The specific action a client is expected to perform
The verb used should be concrete and action based.
It needs to be able to be measured
What is a Condition?
4
Where the target behavior is to be performed
When the behavior is to be performed
With whom the behavior is to be performed
What materials/cues will signal the behavior to be performed
What is a Criterion?
2
How well the target behavior must be performed
The measure that the objective has been reached
What does a Criterion usually include?
4
Percent correct
Time frame
Minimum number correct
Maximum number of errors
What is Behavior Modification?
Intervention to increase desired behavior or decrease unwanted behavior
What is Behavior Modification based on?
The theory of operant conditioning
Behavior Modification involves the relationship between a _____, a _____, and a _____.
Stimulus
Response
Consequent event
What is the Stimulus?
An event that precedes and elicits a response
What is a Response?
The behavior exhibited by the individual following the presentation of the stimulus
What is a Consequence?
An event contingent on and directly following the response.
What is Reinforcement?
A consequence that will increase the likelihood of a particular behavior reoccuring
What is Punishment?
A consequence designed to decrease the frequency of a particular behavior
What is Positive Reinforcement
A rewarding event of condition that is contingent on the performance of desired behavior
What are three major disadvantages of Positive Reinforcement?
It is difficult to present after every single occurence of target behavior
Satiation (the reward begins to loose its appeal)
It can be hard to generalize these skills
What is Social Positive Reinforcement?
3
Smiling
Eye contact
Verbal praise
What is Token Positive Reinforcement?
Symbols and/or object (stickers, chips, etc.) that are not valuable in themselves however the accrual of a certain number will earn a previously agreed upon reward
What is Performance Feedback?
Information given to the client regarding therapy performance and progress
It is not intended to function as praise
What is the benefit of Performance Feedback?
It can decrease a client’s reliance on external sources of reinforcement by encouraging intrinsic rewards (inner satisfaction and motivation)
What is Negative Reinforcement?
An unpleasant event/condition that is removed once the desire behavior is performed
What is a Negative Reinforcement for Escape?
Placing your hand over the child’s hands and removing them only when the child exhibits the target behavior
What is a Negative Reinforcement for Avoidance?
Telling the client that producing the desired behavior will prevent the clinician from placing their hands over the client’s hands
Is Negative Reinforcement common in SLP?
No
Positive reinforcement is preferred
What is punishment?
An event that occurs due to the performance of undesired behavior
What is Type I of Punishment?
An aversive consequence that directly follows unwanted behavior
(Frown, “No”, bursts of white noise, etc.)
What is Type II of Punishment?
The withdrawal of something pleasant due to unwanted behavior
What are two examples of Type II Punishment?
Time-Out
Response Cost
What is Time Out?
Temporary isolation
Removal to an empty room, no eye contact, facing blank wall, etc.
What is Response Cost?
Previously earned positive reinforcers are deducted in response to negative behavior
(Sometime clinicians will begin each session with several unearned tokens)
Punishment should occur after ________.
Punishment should be presented _________.
Every instance of unwanted behavior
Immediately following the undesired behavior
Punishment should occur at the ________ rather than ________.
Earliest signs of the unwanted behavior
Waiting until the behavior is full blown.
Punishment should not be programmed into ________; this creates the potential for ______ to the punishing stimulus, thus reducing its ______.
Graduated levels of intensity
Client habituation
Effectiveness
Punishment duration should be ______; lengthy periods of punishment call into question ________.
As brief as possible
The strength of the chosen punishing stimulus
What are four possible negative consequences of punishment?
Anger
Aggression
Reluctance to engage in any communicative behavior with therapist
Termination of treatment
What is Extinction?
When the frequency of behavior gradually decreases and ultimately disappears
What does PBS stand for?
Positive Behavioral Supports
What is Positive Behavioral Support?
A recommended system for dealing with unwanted behaviors
To come up with a PBS, the clinician should:
Write a description of the ______, and explanation of ______, and an estimate of ______.
______ events that appear to _______.
The _____ or _____ behavior.
The _____ that will help the client achieve the desired behaviors
Problematic behaviors … Why it impedes learning … Its severity (frequency, intensity, duration, etc.)
Antecedent … Trigger the behavior
Desired … Alternative
Supports (teaching strategies or environmental modifications)
What is a Schedule of Reinforcement?
How often the reinforcement will be delivered
What are the two types of Reinforcement Schedules?
Continuous Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
A reinforcer presented after every correct performance
Continuous Reinforcement is sometimes called ______.
Dense
Continuous Reinforcement tends to generate a ______ of response.
Very high rate
What is the two primary disadvantages of Continuous Reinforcement?
The behaviors being reinforced are very susceptible to extinction
It can interfere with a a steady flow of response from the client
What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
Only some occurrences of a correct response are followed by a reinforcer
Intermittent Reinforcement is also called _______.
Lower density
What are the four types of Intermittent Reinforcement?
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio (VR)
Variable Interval (VI)
What does VR stand for?
Variable Ration
What does VI stand for?
Variable Interval
What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule?
2
The reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of correct responses
The number is predetermined and stays constant throughout the therapy session
Does a Fixed Ratio Schedule tend to elicit a high rate of response?
Yes
What is a Fixed Interval Schedule?
Reinforcement is delivered for the first correct response after a predetermined time period (every 3 min., etc.)
Does a Fixed Interval Schedule tend to elicit a high rate of response?
No
What is a Variable Ratio Schedule?
The number of correct response needed varies from trial to trial
The pattern is set ahead of time by the clinician
What is the benefit to a Variable Ratio Schedule?
2
It can be more effective since the client cannot predict the random pattern
Every response seems to have an equal chance of being reinforced
What is a Variable Interval Schedule?
The reinforcer is given to the first correct response to varying time periods
In general practice, ______ is used to establish a new target behavior.
______ are introduced in subsequent stages of therapy to promote maintenance and generalization.
Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent schedules
A rule of thumb is to switch to lower density intermittent schedules when the target response rate increase ___-___% over the baseline measures.
30-50%
