2:Observational Measures Flashcards

1
Q

Observational data

A

Collection techniques measure variable using the researchers senses or specialized equipment

  • requires well-Defined OD
  • utilize measurement apparatus
  • coding schemes made by trained observers
  • methods to cope with complexity
  • not restricted to a particular type of research design or setting
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2
Q

Manual (real time or recorded for later analysis)

A

Behavioral: even coding, observer ratings

Physiological: instruments requiring observer judgment

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3
Q

Automated

A

Behavioral: lever-pressing, reaction time

Physiological: recording brain activity, record peripheral responses with automated equipment ( most automated)

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4
Q

Behavioral coding schemes

A

Behavioral category: classify observed. Behavioral events

Observer rating scale: quantify observed behavior on scale

Coding schemes must be defined very clearly to avoid confusion and ensure reliability

  • keep categories as simple as possible to meet research goals
  • take the time to carefully develop
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5
Q

Methods to help coding schemes

A
  • make preliminary observations of behavior: create a list of behaviors of interest, become familiar with range of behaviors
  • conduct a literature search to find coding schemes used in previous research studies: find previous validated coding scheme, adopt/modify.
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6
Q

Recording of behavior

A

Recording device: later review
-likely to miss observations, can review multiple times by multiple raters

Wearable recording devices: allow ongoing data collection in daily life

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7
Q

Subject reactivity

A
When subjects react to being watched 
Solutions: 
-blend in 
-wait it out so subjects familiarize to your response
-measure the behaviors results
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8
Q

Subject expectations

A

Behavior may be affected by subject expectation about the hypothesis and or knowledge of assigned condition:

  • minor deception: debrief after
  • blind design: subjects do now know which condition they are in
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9
Q

Observer effects

A

When observers influence behavior of subjects to match observer expectations
-subtle cues from observer to subject:behavior changes

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10
Q

Observer bias

A

When observers see what they expect to see

-based on knowledge and measurement by observer: expectations influence interpretation/ measurement of behavior

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11
Q

Double blind design

A

Neither subjects nor observers know to which condition any subject has been assigned

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