2: Nucleic Acid and Gene Expression (PRELIMS) Flashcards
Lecturer: Ma'am Gianina Dacuya
What are the two types of Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Type of Nucleic Acid:
It’s a lengthy polymer. Has 4 Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine w/ Deoxyribose and Phosphate backbone
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Found in Cell’s nucleus as well as mitochondria
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Has 2-deoxyribose
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Transfer of genetic information is made possible by this
It takes the shape of a long-term storage medium
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Nucleotide-rich double-stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Replicates on its own
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Base pairing are: GC, AT
DNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Ribose and phosphate-based polymer having 4 different bases: Uracil, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
The cytoplasm, nucleus, and ribosome all consist of this
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
has a Ribose
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
The transmission of genetic code required for protein production from the nucleus to the ribosome is accomplished by this
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Single-stranded molecule with shorter nucleotide chain than DNA
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Does not have the ability to reproduce on its own, When it’s needed, it’s made from DNA
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
The base pairing are: G,C A,U
RNA
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Conveys the code
DNA
End goal/product of gene expression is?
Protein
Type of Nucleic Acid:
Responsible for transmission of genetic code from DNA in order to materialize into protein
RNA
An unbranched polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides
Nucleic acid
What are the monomer units of nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
Consist of pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base
Nucleotide
Enumerate the 3 component of a nucleotide
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base
What are the 2 types of pentose sugar in nucleotides?
Pentose Ribose
Pentose 2’-Deoxyribose
This type of pentose sugar has no oxygen in their 2nd Carbon atom and only has H atom
pentose 2’-deoxyribose (deozy meaning it lacks oxygen)
What are the 2 types of nitrogen bases?
Pyrimidine
Purine
Why are the nitrogen bases considered bases? (clue: presence of a certain functional group)
Presence of an amine functional group
Type of nitrogen base:
Monocyclic base with a six-membered ring
Pyrimidine
Type of nitrogen base:
Bicyclic base with fused five- and six-membered rings
Purine
What are purine bases What is the appropriate suffix for them?
Adenine, Guanine
suffix: -osine
What are pyrimidine bases and what is the appropriate suffix for them?
Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
Suffix: -idine
This nucleotide component is derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
Phosphate
Phosphoric acid loses 2 hydrogen atoms due to what?
Cellular pH changes
The hydrogen phosphate ion bond with what?
Nucleoside
Pentose sugar + Base = ?
Nucleoside
A nucleoside turns into a nucleotide only when?
A phosphate group is added
T or F
The phosphate group always attaches to the Nitrogenous base
F (Phosphate group attaches to PENTOSE SUGAR)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Adenine
Sugar - Ribose
Also give its abbreviation
Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Guanine
Sugar - Ribose
Also give its abbreviation
Guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Ribose
Also give its abbreviation
Cytidine 5’-monophosphate
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Uracil
Sugar - Ribose
Also give its abbreviation
Uridine 5’-monophosphate (UMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Adenine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Also give its abbreviation
Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dAMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Guanine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Also give its abbreviation
Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate (dGMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Also give its abbreviation
Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:
Base - Thymine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Also give its abbreviation
Deoxythimidine 5-monophosphate (dTMP)
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Adenine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Deoxyadenosine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Guanine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Deoxyguanosine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Deoxycytidine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Thymine
Sugar - Deoxyribose
Deoxythymidine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Adenine
Sugar - Ribose
Adenosine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Guanine
Sugar - Ribose
Guanosine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Ribose
Cytidine
What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:
Base - Uracil
Sugar - Ribose
Uridine
T or F
Deoxyuridine 5’-monophosphate is plausible
F uracil is only for RNA bebeloves
The nucleotide units within a nucleic acid molecule are linked to each other through what bond?
Sugar-phosphate bond
What is considered the backbone of nucleic acid?
Phosphate-Sugar
Phosphate-Sugar
What is considered the backbone of DNA?
Phosphate-Deoxyribose
Phosphate-Deoxyribose
What is considered the backbone of RNA?
Phosphate-Ribose
Phosphate-Ribose
T or F
The bases are part of the backbone
F (because the bases are the determiner, they are not consistent all through out/ part of the backbone)
For the sequence: 5 ‘T-G-C-A 3’
What is the 3rd nucleotide for this sequence?
Cytosine (explanation: kasi nga a nucleotide’s determiner are bases)
What is the determiner for nucleotide?
Base
For the sequence: 5 ‘T-G-C-A 3’
What is the 4th nucleotide for this sequence?
Adenine
How many h bonds in Adenine and Thymine?
2 H bonds
The DNA double helix involved how many polynucleotide strands?
2
The two polynucleotide are coiled around each other in a manner also called as what?
Spiral staircase
The bases of each backbone extend in what direction?
Inward (inside helix; since these bases are hydrophobic)
Each complementary base pairs are connected by what bond
H bond
Two strands of the double helix are what?
Antiparallel (running in opposite directions)
First strand runs in what direction?
5’-to-3’
Second strand runs in what direction?
3’-to-5’
T or F
The two strands in double helix are identical
F NOT IDENTICAL BUT COMPLEMENTARY
T or F
RNA exist as a double strand
F single-strand lang like me
What is the 1st step in DNA replication
Unwinding of the double helix by HELICASE (in order for 1 strand to be copied)
What is the 2nd step in DNA replication?
Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP) will help to separate the 2 strand to prevent it from turning to helix
Topoisomerase will help prevent supercoiling
In the 2nd step of DNA replication what certain component will prevent 2 strands from reforming to a helix and prevent degradation?
Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP)
In the 2nd step of DNA replication what certain component will prevent strands from supercoiling?
Topoisomerase/gyrase
What is the 3rd step in DNA replication
Primase synthesizes primer
What is the 4th step in DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase III starts to replicate DNA
DNA Polymerase III starts to replicate DNA by what?
Binding nucleotides
DNA Polymerase III operate in what direction
5’-to-3’
Lagging strand is in what direction?
5’-to-3’
Leading strand is in what direction?
3’-to-5’
short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are created on the lagging strand during DNA replication due to the direction
Okazaki fragments
T or F
Lagging strand are in bind with ligase
T
T or F
In 1 parent DNA, there can be multiple origin of replication
T
If there are multiple replications in a 1 DNA strand, what may form?
Bubbles ! (as replication fork enlarge)
When does DNA replication occur?
Before Meiosis or Mitosis
Why is DNA replication needed before meiosis or mitosis?
Because DNA materials should be the same
T or F
Some cells should only bear the same DNA materials
F (ALL CELLS should bear the same DNA materials)
Where does translation happen?
Cytoplasm/Ribosomes
What is the first product of transcription?
Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
Gene Expression: Transcription
Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) has what?
Introns and Extrons
Gene Expression: Transcription
a part of hnRNA that interrupts the message
Introns (kasi INterruptngahehe)
Gene Expression: Transcription
A part of hnRNA that expresses the message
Exons
Gene Expression: Transcription
What is removed by hRNA through splicing?
Introns (because it interrupts the message)
Gene Expression: Transcription
When introns are removed, and its purely exons what is the hnRNA now called?
mRNA
Gene Expression: Translation
After mRNA go out nucleus, it will work together with what RNA to produce protein?
rRNA
Gene Expression: Translation
What RNA bears the amino acid to prolong sequence of amino acid?
tRNA
T or F
Once the mRNA encounters a stop codon in tRNA the addition of amino acid will stop and undergo cleaving
F (baliktad; ang tRNA ang dapat makaencounter ng stop codon)
Transcription happens in what organelle?
Nucleus
Translation happens in what organelle?
Cytoplasm
Gene Expression: Transcription
Enzyme that unwind double helix and copy sequence from DNA
RNA polymerase
Gene Expression: Transcription
What direction does RNA polymerase operate?
5’-to-3’
Gene Expression: Transcription
Act to 3’-to-5’ direction
RNA polymerase
Gene Expression: First step of Transcription
Once RNA polymerase acquire sequence from DNA it will release and rewind and be left with what?
hnRNA
What RNA facilitates splicing?
snRNA
Gene Expression: POST Transcription
A gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information
Exon
Gene Expression: POST Transcription
A gene segment that does not convey (codes for) genetic information
Intron
IF U SEE THIS CARD REVIEW MA’AM GIA’S VISUALS SA POST-TRANSCRIPTION
ge na pls huhu
What is the amino acid that codes for: UUG
yes go look at the codon chart rn
Leucine
What is the amino acid that codes for:
GAU
yes go look at the codon chart rn
Aspartic Acid
How do you read the codon chart?
First letter: left side horizontally
Second letter: top side vertically
Third letter: right side horizontally
What is the amino acid that codes for:
GUU
yes go look at the codon chart rn
Valine
IF YOU SEE THIS CARD REVIEW THE VISUALS FOR TRANSLATION page 29
pls gevfgevg hirap gawan card yung steps mwah
Gene Expression: Transcription
The 3 codons at the end of the tRNA is called?
anti-codon
Gene Expression: Transcription
What RNA carries the amino acid?
tRNA
- DNA TEMPLATE: 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’
a. Informational strand:
b. Codons present in the mRNA:
c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon:
d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:
e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation:
- 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’
a. Informational strand: 5’ CTG-TTG-TCT 3’
b. Codons present in the mRNA: 5’ CUG-UUG-UCU 3
c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon: 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’
d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 3’ Leu-Leu-Cys 5’
e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Leu-Leu-Cys-C
- DNA TEMPLATE: 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’
a. Informational strand:
b. Codons present in the mRNA:
c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon:
d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:
e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation:
- 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’
a. Informational strand: 5’ GGG-CGG-TCG 3’
b. Codons present in the mRNA: 5’ GGG-CGG-UCG 3’
c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon: 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’
d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 3’ Gly-Arg-Ser 5’
e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Gly-Arg-Ser-C
- MRNA: 3’ UGA-GCC-CUU 5’
a. tRNA anticodons that will interact with the mRNA codon:
b. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:
c. The structure of the peptide formed from translation:
- MRNA: 3’ UGA-GCC-CUU 5’
Reverse: 5’ UUC-CCG-AGU 3
a. tRNA anticodons that will interact with the mRNA codon: 3’ AAG-GGC-UCA 5’
b. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 5’ Phe-Pro-Ser 3’
c. The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Phe-Pro-Ser-C
How many H bonds are present in Guanine and Cytosine?
3 H bonds
Translation
What is the first step of Translation?
Activation of TRNA
An amino acid interacts with ATP to become highly energized. It then forms a covalent bond with 3’ end of a tRNA molecule. Amino acid-tRNA pairing is governed by enzymes.
Translation
Initation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome so that the first codon is at the what site?
P site
Translation
What does the tRNA carry before attaching to the first codon?
methionine
Translation:
Elongation: The tRNA with the second aa binds at?
A site (then the methionine transfers to the A site)
Translation
What step is this? The polypeptide chain continous to lengthen until a stop codon appears on the mRNA.
Termination
