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Biology > 2: Molecules of Life > Flashcards

2: Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

example of when adhesion is used

A

capillary action in soil and plant cell walls

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3
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactosei

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4
Q

what is lactose made up of

A

galactose and glucose

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5
Q

which side of a water molecule is partially negative?

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

what is the mnemonic for the function of membrane proteins

A

JETRAT

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7
Q

what is cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules

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8
Q

how is the black throated loom adapted?

A

hydro and aero dynamic, reduces drag in viscous water, oiled exterior exclude water, insulated air trapped in down feathers

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9
Q

what does hypertonic mean

A

very concentrated

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10
Q

are purine bases double or single ringed?

A

double

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11
Q

what is in the hydrophobic tails

A

fatty acids, unsaturated and saturated

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12
Q

what is the mnemonic for the functions of proteins

A

SHITSME

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13
Q

what sort of solvents are lipids soluble in

A

non polar

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14
Q

definition of denaturing

A

when a protein changes shape due to the bonds holding the tertiary structure breaking

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15
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or philic

A

hydrophobic

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16
Q

is a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

neither- amphipathic

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17
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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18
Q

where is the intermolecular bond for water?

A

between the oxygen and hydrogen between water molecules

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19
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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20
Q

what is the A and G base called

A

adenine and guanine

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21
Q

what does the S in shitsme stand for

A

structure, eg collagen or connective tissue

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22
Q

what is sucrose made up of

A

glucose and fructose

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23
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

interacts well with water by forming hydrogen bonds, often polar

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24
Q

what sort of protein does active transport use

A

carrier

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25
Q

what are the C T and U bases

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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26
Q

which form of starch is helix

A

amylose

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27
Q

what does electronegativity mean

A

the pair of electrons in each covalent bond is not equally shared between oxygen and hydrogen atom

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28
Q

how many codons are there

A

64

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29
Q

what is in the primary structure of proteins

A

number and sequence of amino acids

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30
Q

what is maltose made up of

A

glucose and glucose

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31
Q

what molecules use carrier proteins

A

glucose, larger molecules

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32
Q

which display formula of glucose has H above and OH below

A

alpha

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33
Q

name 4 differences between RNA and DNA

A

-double helix, only in nucleus, deoxyribose, ATCG

  • single strand, cytoplasm and nucleus, ribose, AUCG
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34
Q

is cholesterol hydrophbic,philic or amphipathic

A

amphipathic

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35
Q

do A and T have double or triple bonds

A

double

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36
Q

what is a proteome

A

the set of proteins made by an organism

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37
Q

what kind of saccharide is fructose

A

monosaccharide

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38
Q

what does the second S in shitsme stand for

A

sensation, eg rhodopsin, pigment in retina cells for light detection

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39
Q

what is different in the forming of a phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids, glycerol, one phosphate group

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40
Q

in a condensation reaction to form a triglyceride, a water molecule is released and what bond is formed

A

ester

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41
Q

what is an aquaporin

A

special channels that make it easier for water to move via osmosis, some cells have aquaporins, eg, kidney collecting duct

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42
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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43
Q

are lipids polar or non polar

A

non polar

44
Q

tell me about trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

hydrogen on opposite sides, straightens chain

45
Q

tell me about cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

hydrogen on the same side of the chain- bend in chain

46
Q

what is in the secondary structure of proteins

A

regions where polypeptide chains coil

47
Q

how is a phosphodiester bond formed

A

condensation, water molecule released

48
Q

what is the bond that connects the sugar of a nucleotide to the phosphate of another?

A

covalent phosphodiester bond

49
Q

what does the H in shitsme stand for

A

hormones, eg insulin

50
Q

what molecules are transported by simple diffusion

A

small, non polar, hydrophobic molecules

51
Q

which bases are purine bases?

A

AG

52
Q

what ions use channel proteins

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

53
Q

what are the two ways the polypeptide chains can coil in the secondary structure

A

alpha helix or beta sheet

54
Q

are pyrmidine bases single or double ringed?

A

single

55
Q

combining saccharides is a what reaction

A

reversible condensation reaction

56
Q

which form of starch is branched

A

amylopectin

57
Q

what is adhesion

A

attraction between water and other materials

58
Q

DNA and RNA have contrasting functions, what are RNA’s functions

A

mRNA carries genetic info of a gene from nucleus to ribosome
tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome

59
Q

what is a codon

A

3 bases that code for a specific amino acid

60
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

doesnt form hydrogen bonds with water, often non polar

61
Q

2 similarities of RNA and DNA

A

both polymers of nucleotides
both have phosphodiester bonds

62
Q

what bonds connect monosaccharides to make polysaccharides

A

glycosydic

63
Q

in a condensation reaction with amino acids to form a protein, H2O is remived and a ______bond is formed

A

peptide

64
Q

what is a phospholipid made up of

A

a hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails

65
Q

what bond connects two nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

hydrogen bond

66
Q

is cellulose alpha or beta glucose

A

beta

67
Q

when you denature a protein which structure’s bonds are broken

A

tertiary

68
Q

is glycogen branched or not

A

branched

69
Q

what does the I in shitsme stand for

A

immunity, eg immunoglobins, antibodies produced by plasma

70
Q

a protein has a ________ _____ group and _____ group

A

carboxylic acid and amine

71
Q

tell me about monounsaturated fatty acids

A

contains one double bond, kink in the chain

72
Q

DNA and RNA have contrasting functions, what are DNA’s functions

A

stores genetic info, stays in nucleus

73
Q

what is a gene

A

sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that contain info for a specific protein

74
Q

what bases are pyrmidine

A

C,T,U

75
Q

what is the formula for ribose (and deoxyribose)

A

C5H10O5
C5H10O4

76
Q

what bonds are in the primary structure of a protein

A

peptide only

77
Q

example of when cohesion is used

A

transporting water up the xylem/ pond skaters

78
Q

how many bonds between C and G

A

three

79
Q

where is the intramolecular bond for water?

A

between hydrogen and oxygen within the molecule

80
Q

saturated fatty acids have straight linear shape- what about double bonds

A

no double bonds

81
Q

essential amino acids you do or don’t have to eat in your diet

A

do

82
Q

what does the T in shitsme stand for

A

transport, eg haemoglobin transports oxygen

83
Q

tell me about polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

contains more than one double bond, lots of kinks

84
Q

what is the definition for osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules though a partially permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration (dilute, high water p) to an area with a high solute concentration (concentrated, low water p)

85
Q

what does the M in shitsme stand for

A

movement, eg actin, filaments that contract muscle fibres

86
Q

what bonds are in the tertiary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic/phyllic attractions

87
Q

triglycerides are formed by the condensation of what two components

A

glycerol, 3 fatty acids

88
Q

example of a protein that has a quaternary structure

A

haemoglobin, 2 alpha chains 2 beta sheets

89
Q

there are two different ways to draw glucose, this is because they are

A

isomers

90
Q

more double bonds in fatty acids=

A

lower melting point

91
Q

what bonds are in the secondary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen only

92
Q

what does jetrat stand for

A

junctions, enzymes, transport, recognition, anchorage, transduction

93
Q

glucose and glucose in a condensation reaction makes

A

water and maltose

94
Q

do lipids have a high or low solubility

A

low

95
Q

what does isotonic mean

A

same dilution/concentration

96
Q

4 properties of water:

A

viscosity, buoyancy, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity

97
Q

what does the E in shitsme stand for

A

Enzymes

98
Q

when is there a quaternary structure

A

when protein is made up of more than one polypeptide chain

99
Q

do saturated fatty acids have a high or low melting point

A

high

100
Q

how is a ringed seal adapted

A

swim efficiently, hydrodynamic shape reduces drag due to viscosity, low density blubber increases buoyancy, insulated blubber reduces heat loss

101
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides joined by glycosydic bonds by condesation reactions

102
Q

what is in the hydrophilic head

A

phosphate and glycero

103
Q

is simple diffusion an active or passive process

A

passive

104
Q

is facilitated diffusion an active or passive process

A

passive

105
Q

is oxygen or hydrogen more electronegative

A

oxygen is MORE electronegative

Biology (7 decks)

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