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Year 4 Respiratory Flashcards > 2. Lung Physiology- > Flashcards

2. Lung Physiology- Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by anatomical dead space

A

All the air that is in the airways that is not in the alveoli. It is called as such as it cannot participate in gas exchange (150ml)

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2
Q

Describe the progression of lung tissue from the nose to the alveoli

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous (to allow for easier gas exchange)
Cilia lost
Mucous cells lost (before cilia)

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3
Q

Describe the makeup of the alveoli?

A

Thin walls, elastic fibres, macrophaes to gather dirt
Pneumocyte type 1- allow gas exchange (97%)
Pneumocyte type 2- surfactant production, reduces surface tension and reduces work of breathing (3%)

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4
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

a pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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5
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the individual gases

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6
Q

What is Charles law?

A

the volume occupied by gas is directly related to the absolute temperature (temperature changes volume)

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7
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by the pressure of the gas and its solubility in the liquid

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8
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Reduces friction

Causes visceral and parietal pleura to stick together

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9
Q

What muscles cause inspiration

A

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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10
Q

What muscles cause expiration

A

Usually passive but during forced expiration the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles reduce the duration of breathing.

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11
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Exists at negative pressure (-3mmHg) to allow for a negative pressure in the alveoli to allow air into the lungs

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe normal respiration volume

A

Tidal volume

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13
Q

What is the difference between residual volume and functional residual capacity?

A

Residual volume (1200)- air left at the end of a maximal expiration. Exists to keep the alveoli inflated

Functional residual capacity- The amount of air left over in the lungs after normal expiration (tidal voluem exhaled)

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14
Q

What makes up your vital capacity?

A

All the air that can be inhaled:

Inspiratory reserve volume (3L)
Tidal volume (500ml)
Expiratory reserve volume (1100ml)

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15
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation?

A

Total air movement in and out of lungs- pulmonary ventilation

Fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange- alveolar ventilation

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16
Q

What are the normal alveolar pressure (PA!O2/CO2) of oxygen and CO2

A
  1. 3kPa, 100mmHg- Oxygen

5. 3kPa, 40mmHg- Carbon dioxide

17
Q

How do these pressures change with hypo and hyperventilation?

A

Hypoventilation- pO2- 30mmHg, pCO2- 100mmHg

Hypervenilation- pO2- 120mmHg, CO2- 20mmHg

18
Q

Describe surfactant production in utero?

A

Starts 25 weeks gestation, complete by 36 weeks. Premature babies suffer IRDS and are given steroids to stimulate surfactant production.

19
Q

Why is there more compliance at the base compared with the apex?

A

Due to the tissue at the base of the lungs being squashed it has more potential to be filled with air. This means a small pressure change allows in a greater volume.

20
Q

Describe obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A

Obstructive- Struggles to breath out e.g. in asthma due to brochiole constriction

Restrictive- Struggles to breath in e.g. in fibrosis due to damage to connective tissue

21
Q

How does spirometery change in obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A

Obstructive- ratio is normal or even increased due to higher Fev1

Restrictive- ratio is lower due to lower Fev1

22
Q

What are the values of venous concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Venous PO2- 40mmHg, 5.3kPa

Venous CO2- 46mmHg, 6.2kPa

23
Q

Describe the flow of blood throughout the lungs?

A

Blood flow is inversely proportional to alveolar pressure and so will flow more at the base comapred to the apex

24
Q

What is meant by the term shunt?

A

Areas of lung that are well perfused by blood but not air leading to low pO2

25
Q

How does the body react to shunt?

A

Vasoconstriction of the areas of pulmonary circulation that are not receiving any blood supply

Year 4 Respiratory Flashcards (32 decks)

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