2. internal features of stems

Question 1

What is secondary growth? Where does it occur?

Answer 1

Secondary growth occurs in lateral meristems, which are tissues responsible for this thickening process. most common in dicots and gymnosperms, and it usually occurs in the stems and roots of these plants

Question 2

annuals

Answer 2

Plants that complete their entire life cycle—from germination to the production of seeds—within a single growing season. These plants grow, flower, produce seeds, and die all in one year (marigolds and corn)

Question 3

biennials

Answer 3

• Plants that take two years to complete their life cycle. In the first year, they grow vegetatively (usually as a rosette of leaves), and in the second year, they flower, produce seeds, and die. (carrots and parsley)

Question 4

perennials

Answer 4

• Plants that live for more than two years, often many years. They go through repeated cycles of growth, flowering, and seed production each year, typically entering dormancy during unfavorable seasons. (roses and oak trees)

Question 5

what is wood

Answer 5

secondary xylem
Wood is the inner tissue of the stems and roots of woody plants, composed primarily of secondary xylem. It plays a crucial role in transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and providing structural support to the plant.

Question 6

ray initials

Answer 6

give rise to vascular rays, which are radial files of parenchyma cells that extend from the center of the stem or root outward toward the bark.
Secondary phloem, bark, cork

Question 7

fusiform

Answer 7

elongated cells that give rise to tracheids, vessels, and fibers in the secondary xylem, as well as cells in the secondary phloem.

Question 8

heartwood

Answer 8

Heartwood is the central part. provides structural support. Darker. contains non-functional, older xylem

Question 9

sapwood

Answer 9

the outer layer. responsible for water and nutrient transport. Lighter. contains living cells that actively transport water and nutrients.

Question 10

ways to cut wood

Answer 10

cross section
radial- parallel
tangential- perpendicular