1. plant cells

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

• No nucleus
• Smaller
• lack membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum
• Reproduce through binary fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
• Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

-Yes nucleus
-Larger
-lack membrane bound organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plants), endoplasmic reticulum, and others
-Undergo more complex cell division processes, including mitosis (for somatic cell division) and meiosis (for gamete formation in sexual reproduction)
-plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Question 3

cell membrane

Answer 3

-Acts as a selective barrier, controlling what enters and exits the cell
-composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, allowing for selective permeability

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

-The control center of the cell, containing the cell’s genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes
-regulates gene expression and cell division.
-Nucleolus: Located inside the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes.

Question 5

cytoplasm

Answer 5

-jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles
-provides a medium for biochemical reactions and helps in cellular processes like metabolism.

Question 6

ribosome

Answer 6

-Sites of protein synthesis
-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Question 7

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

-Rough ER: Covered with ribosomes, the rough ER is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins.
-Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons

Question 8

golgi apparatus

Answer 8

-Processes, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids received from the ER.
- modifies molecules by adding sugars or phosphate groups

Question 9

mitochondria

Answer 9

-The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP (the cell’s energy currency) through cellular respiration.

Question 10

vacuoles

Answer 10

-Storage sacs within the cell
-the central vacuole maintains turgor pressure and stores nutrients and waste products

Question 11

chloroplast

Answer 11

-Site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose
-contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

Question 12

cytoskeleton

Answer 12

-Provides structural support for the cell and plays a role in cell movement and division.
-composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

Question 13

cell wall

Answer 13

-Provides additional structural support and protection
-made of cellulose

Question 14

peroxisomes

Answer 14

-Involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances
-contain enzymes that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide.

Question 15

plasmodesmata

Answer 15

-Channels that allow communication and transport of materials between plant cells.

Question 16

structure of plasmodesmata

Answer 16

microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, allowing for the direct transfer of materials between them.

Question 17

function of plasmodesmata

Answer 17

-cell communication between adjacent cells allowing coordination
-direct exchange of cytoplasmic materials, including ions, small molecules (like sugars and amino acids), and signaling molecules (like hormones).
-enable the movement of nutrients, water, and other essential compounds between cells, which is crucial for maintaining cellular function and homeostasis

Question 18

phospholipids

Answer 18

-Composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that form a double layer.

Question 19

membrane proteins

Answer 19

-Integral and peripheral proteins that facilitate transport, communication, and structural support.

Question 20

carbohydrates

Answer 20

-Attached to proteins and lipids, involved in cell recognition and signaling.

Question 21

contents of vacuole

Answer 21

-water
-potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride, which help regulate osmotic balance and pH within the cell.
- Sugars and other carbohydrates can be stored in vacuoles, serving as energy reserves
-Waste products, toxins, and by-products of metabolism, preventing them from interfering with cellular processes.

Question 22

tonoplast

Answer 22

-membrane that surrounds the vacuole in plant cells
-separates the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm.
-selectively permeable
-maintaining turgor pressure

Question 23

composition of chromosome

Answer 23

-long, thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
-composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones. This combination of DNA and proteins is known as chromatin.

Question 24

chromatin

Answer 24

-allowing for gene expression and DNA replication.
-During cell division, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes to ensure accurate segregation of genetic material.

Question 25

cell division

Answer 25

-Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells for growth and repair
-Meiosis: specialized division that produces four genetically diverse gametes for sexual reproduction, reducing the chromosome number by half.

Question 26

chromoplast

Answer 26

-Responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
-Chlorophyll: Located in the thylakoid membranes

Question 27

leucoplast

Answer 27

-Involved in the storage of starch, lipids, and proteins.
-non-pigmented
-found in non-photosynthetic tissues such as roots and tubers.
-Starch Grains: They often contain starch granules, which are compact structures made of amylose and amylopectin.