2 - Henry VIII and Cromwell 1529-1540 Flashcards
What did Cromwell’s dad do?
Brewer and a blacksmith
What language was Cromwell fluent in?
What else could you describe him as in his early life?
Italian
Well-read and adaptable
When did Cromwell enter Wolsey’s service and what did he become?
1516 and his councillor
What happened to Cromwell in 1529 when Wolsey fell from Grace?
He was elected burgess for Taunton so he could remain government service
What was Cromwell responsible for while under the role of Wolsey?
The suppression of 29 religious houses whose monies Wolsey endowed colleges at Ipswich and Oxford
When did he enter the Royal service?
Spring of 1530
What did he know about Wolsey that he used as a bargaining tool during his early dealings with the king?
He knew where Wolsey’s property was
What did Cromwell become whilst under the role of Henry?
When did he become master of the King’s jewels?
Parliamentary manager
1531
By 1533 what was it assumed Cromwell was as Henry has given him many posts during 1532-33?
Chief minister
The _____ way in which Cromwell took care of Henry’s ______ from _______, enabling the King to marry _______, certainly won him favour. He became _______(April 1534) which effectively put him at the _____ of all issues that revolved around ____.
skilful, divorce, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Principal Secretary, centre, Henry
What was he appointed in July 1536?
Lord Privy Seal
What happened in 1516?
What was the significance?
Cromwell entered Wolsey’s service and became his counsellor
He watched and learned
What happened in 1529?
What was the significance?
Wolsey fell from Grace and hurriedly elected burgees (MP) for Taunton so could remain in government service
Thought of himself first as one of his “obstacles” had died and now knows how parliament works
What happened in 1530?
What was the significance?
Entered the Royal service and became a member of the Privy council
Access to King an could have influence
What happened in 1531?
What was the significance?
Was master of the kings jewels
Showed how much faith King had in Cromwell
What happened in 1534?
What was the significance?
Took care of divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne and became Principal Secretary and put himself at the centre of the issues to do with Henry
Did the job Wolsey couldn’t and proved himself better than Wolsey
Cardinal ________ arrived in England in 15__to head an enquiry into the marriage between Catherine. Pope _______ was reluctant to say that Pope ______ had been wrong in letting Henry’s marriage to Catherine go ahead. ________ had controlled Rome and the Pope. He did not want his ____ Catherine embarrassed by the annulment. He was no longer Henry’s ally against ______ and didn’t see why he should help Henry. Catherine believed that her marriage was legal. Her behaviour and dignity won her much ________.
Campeggio, 27, Clement, Julius, Charles V, aunt, France, sympathy
When did Cromwell realise that Pope was never going to agree to get a divorce?
1531
When did Anne become pregnant?
January 1533
Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer did what that wasn’t legal in the eyes of the church?
Married Henry and Anne secretly
What was introduced in 1533?
Act of Restraint of Appeals, meant that England couldn’t be run by foreign people e,g Pope
When did Henry and Catherine end up getting divorced and by who?
May 1533
Archbishop of Canterbury
Who was in the Privy Chamber?
The King’s closest friends
Who was in the Royal household?
Nobles and servants who advised the King
Who was in the Royal council?
Nobles and churchmen who helped government was 100 men however Cromwell reduces to 20 including lawyers and professionals
Who was in the Court?
nobles who entertained and advised the King
What did Parliament do?
Passed laws proposed by the King, also known as MP’s
What did the Justice of the Peace do?
Nobles who kept law and order in different areas of the country, also known as the local government
What was the problem with the Royal council?
What did Cromwell do about it?
Why was it effective?
Why was it not effective?
It had 100 members (noblemen) and he thought it was too big
Replaced it with the Privy Council that was only 20 members who were lawyers and professionals
All would have equal status and experience so would stop one person dominating
It did nothing and people still dominated
What was the problem with Crime and Justice?
What did Cromwell do about it?
Why was it effective?
Why was it not effective?
Ancient laws meant there were places criminals could escape justice
In 1536 made sure Parliament abolished liberties, all at once
In 1540 an Act of parliament abolished the right of sanctuary for serious crimes e.g rape, murder
Other people could still get away with minor crimes e.g theft, assult
What was the problem with Royal Power?
What did Cromwell do about it?
Why was it effective?
Why was it not effective?
King didn’t have enough control over Ireland, Wales and North of England
In Ireland they introduced a permanent military force but this didn’t expand their control as of costs. In Wales they changed the Welsh laws and language to English therefore completing the take over of Wales in 1536. IN the North of England they now had more responsibility of law and order by reorganising the council and improving security in 1537.
Tackled disorder of Ireland and Cromwell secured support of the Gentry. In North of England it stopped rebellion.
There could still be small rebellions and the people didn’t have a say.
What was the problem with Royal Finance?
What did Cromwell do about it?
Why was it effective?
Why was it not effective?
More money was needed in case of invasion.
Court of Augmentations (court of First Fruits and Tenths. Land were sold of quickly to noblemen and when a landowner died and the heir was a child, Crown looked after estate until heir came of age.
Collected money.
Spends too much.
What was the problem with Parliament?
What did Cromwell do about it?
Why was it effective?
Why was it not effective?
There was a danger of Parliament opposing Henry’s religious changes.
In 1532 the MP’s were forced to vote, in 1533 Cromwell interfered with elections through bribery and rewards. If people disagreed they were told “need not attend” and there were pamphlets outlining laws to need in advance, this was more regularly used to gain support and it looked like people agreed with Henry.
Henry got his way and no-one disagreed with his decision.
MP’s were scared to vote in front of Henry.
Why did Henry want rid of Anne after only 3 years?
- Anne was found guilty of adultery
- Cromwell has to show he could solve problems, he was in danger
- Cromwell and Anne’s relationship was bad
- She couldn’t give Henry a son
- Henry was attracted to Jane Seymour
- Anne imagined King’s death
- Anne increased a sense of foreign danger
When did Anne give birth to Elizabeth?
September 1533
When did Anne have a miscarriage?
1534
When was Anne’s second miscarriage?
What was different about this one?
January 1536
Foetus was thought to be deformed, convincing many she was a witch
When was Anne charged with adultery and treason?
Where was she taken?
May 1536
To the tower
When was Anne found guilty of adultery and treason?
15th May 1536
What happened on the 19th May 1536?
Anne was executed
How many men was she accused of having an affair with?
What are their names?
5 men
Mark Smeaton, Henry Norris, Lord Rochford (her brother), Weston and Brereton
When did Jane Seymour marry Henry?
30th May 1536
When did Gregory (Cromwell’s son) marry Jane’s sister Elizabeth?
1537
When did Jane have a son called Edward?
12th October 1537
When did Jane Seymour die?
24th October 1537
What did Cromwell’s son marrying Jane’s sister give Cromwell?
What happened when Jane died?
Security
The security was lost
What would the marriage between Cromwell’s son and Jane’s sister mean if Cromwell dies?
His son could be close to the King
