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2) Cardiopulm > 2) Cardiopulm Pathologies > Flashcards

2) Cardiopulm Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Restrictive Diseases

A

Restricted inspiratory capacity bc lungs can’t fully expand

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2
Q

Obstructive Diseases

A

Decr airflow during expiration

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3
Q

Characteristics of Obstructive Diseases

A
  • Decr elastic recoil
  • Incr compliance
  • Decr alveolar ventilation
  • VQ mismatch
  • DOE
  • Hyperinflated Lungs
  • Flattened diaphragm
  • Enlarged R ventricle
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4
Q

Main diseases of COPD

A
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
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5
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Cough producing sputum for at least 3 months of 2 consecutive yrs

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6
Q

Explain the patho of chronic bronchitis

A
  • Goblet cell & mucus gland hyperplasia
  • Decr # of cilia
  • Ciliary dysfxn
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7
Q

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Long-term irritation of tracheobronchial tree (smoking)
  • Pollution
  • Infection
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8
Q

Why does smoking cause chronic bronchitis?

A

Smoking stims goblet cells & mucus glands to secrete mucus & inhibits ciliary action, which causes constriction in the tracheobronchial tree

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9
Q

Characteristics of pt’s w/chronic bronchitis

A
  • Blue bloaters
  • Stocky build
  • Incr PaCO2
  • Polycythemia
  • Incr PAP
  • R ventricular hypertrophy
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10
Q

Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

A
  • Incr purulent sputum
  • VQ abn’s
  • Hypoxemia
  • Incr RR, work of breathing, & VO2 w/CO2 production
  • Incr PAP
  • R heart failure (look for edema in ankles & feet)
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11
Q

Emphysema

A

Hyperinflated alveoli so air can’t flow out during exhalation

*Leads to alveolar destruction w/enlarged air space in lungs

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12
Q

Sx’s of Emphysema

A
  • Pink puffers bc of incr respiratory work
  • Thin build
  • I AP diameter of chest
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Seen leaning forwards w/hands on thighs
  • Decr breath sounds
  • Slight PaO2 abns
  • Overinflatted lungs & flattened diaphragm
  • SOB w/heart failure in the end
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13
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Not sure but it tends to incr w/age, in smokers, & could be hereditary

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14
Q

What is used to consider the prognosis of chronic bronchitis & emphysema?

A

Pt’s age & inital FEV1

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15
Q

What are the most common causes of death for pt’s w/chronic bronchitis or emphysema?

A
  • CHF
  • Pneumonia
  • PE
  • Respiratory Failure
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16
Q

Asthma

A

Incr responsiveness of the trachea & bronchi to various stimuli so it narrows

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17
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A
  • Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
  • Lumen of AW becomes narrowed/occluded
  • Mucosal inflammation
  • Overproduction of mucus
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18
Q

Allergic/Extrinsic Asthma

A

Begins in pt’s <35y/o bc of allergies

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19
Q

Non-Allergic/Intrinsic Asthma

A

Begins in pt’s >35y/o bc of chronic AW obstruction w/bronchospasm & not from a specific trigger

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20
Q

Sx’s of asthma

A
  • Incr RR w/accessory muscle use
  • Prolonged expiration w/wheezing & ronchi
  • Underproductive cough w/chest tightness
  • Hyperinflated lungs w/small areas of atelectasis
  • Decr PaO2 & incr PaCO2
  • Nocturnal awakenings
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21
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

Asthma attack that persists for hours so pt becomes exhausted from breathing

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22
Q

For a pt w/a restrictive disorder, what would you expect their PFT to look like?

A

Decr VC, IC, & TLC

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23
Q

Sx’s of restrictive disorders

A
  • SOB
  • Non-productive cough
  • Emaciated appearance
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24
Q

Causes of restrictive disorders

A
  • Maturational
  • Pregnancy
  • Pulmonary
  • Cardiac
  • Neuromuscular
  • MSK
  • Immunologic
  • CT issues
  • Nutritional/metabolic issues
  • Traumatic
  • Radiologic
  • Pharmacologic
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25
Q

ARDS

A

Clinical syndrome characterized by severe hypoxemia & incr alveolar capillary membrane permeability

26
Q

What is ARDS associated w/?

A

Multi-organ failure

27
Q

Causes of ARDS

A

Acute Lung Trauma

  • Fat emboli
  • Heart-lung transplant
  • Massive blood transfusion
  • Aspiration
  • Drugs
  • Inhaled toxins
  • Primary pneumonia
  • Shock
28
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Chronic inflammation that causes fibrosis, destruction, & distortion of lung parenchyma

29
Q

Sx’s of pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • Rapid, shallow breathing
  • Decr breath sounds
  • Rales
  • DOE progressing to DOR
  • Cyanosis
  • Hypoxemia
  • Nonproductive cough
  • Fatigue
  • Digital clubbing
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
30
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung bc of collapsed alveoli

31
Q

What is atelectasis associated w/?

A

Pathological & mechanical pulmonary abn’s caused by obstruction, insufficient surfactant production, & inadequate inspiratory volume

32
Q

Atelectasis can only occur when?

A

When there’s blood flow to the affected alveoli that are trying to absorb gas

33
Q

True or False: Atelectasis will decr lung compliance & incr work of breathing.

A

True

34
Q

What are the effects of acute atelectasis?

A
  • Profound dyspnea
  • Hypoxemia
  • Reduce/absent breath sounds
  • Crackles
  • Tracheal & mediastinal shift towards the affected side
35
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammatory process of the lungs caused by respiratory infections leading to consolidation of alveoli as they fill w/exudate & cellular debris

36
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain bc of ischemia of the myocardium

37
Q

What is the referred pain pattern of angina pectoris?

A
  • Shoulders
  • Between scaps
  • UE’s
  • Jaw
  • Ear
  • Teeth
  • Neck
38
Q

Describe the pain of angina pectoris

A
  • Squeezing
  • Pressure
  • Tightness
  • Crushing
  • Burning
39
Q

What are the 3 types of angina?

A
  • Stable
  • Unstable
  • Prinz-Metal
40
Q

Stable Angina

A

Occurs during physical activity

41
Q

Describe the pain of stable angina

A

Substernal, non-radiating, lasting 5-15min

42
Q

Tx for stable angina

A

Nitroglycerin

43
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Occurs during low-level exercise & stress

44
Q

What is unstable angina indicative of?

A

CAD progression

45
Q

Prinz-Metal Angina

A

Occurs at rest, usually during waking

46
Q

MI

A

Necrosis of a portion of the myocardium

47
Q

Describe the pain of MI

A

Similar to angina, but it radiates, waxes, & wanes, & NTG doesn’t do anything

48
Q

Transmural MI

A

Full wall thickness

49
Q

Subendocardia (Non Q-wave) MI

A

Portion of the wall is involved & can extend to transmural

50
Q

Uncomplicated MI

A

Small infarction w/no complications during recovery

51
Q

Complicated MI

A

Pt’s may have one or a combo of dysrhythmia, heart failure, thrombosis, & damage to heart structures

52
Q

What happens if an MI involves >40% of the L ventricle?

A

Cardiogenic shock & death

53
Q

Sx’s of MI in women

A
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Pain from the waist up
  • Pain when sleeping
54
Q

True or False: Menopause & estrogen levels are risk factors for MI in women?

A

True

55
Q

CHF

A

Syndrome where the heart is unable to sufficiently pump blood to supply the body’s needs

56
Q

LV failure=

A

CHF

57
Q

RV failure=

A

Cor pulmonale

58
Q

Explain the patho of CHF

A

LV doesn’t pump effectively so blood backs up into the lungs

59
Q

Explain the patho of cor pulmonale

A

RV fails to pump effectively so blood backs up into the R atrium & then the periphery

60
Q

Can NSAID’s exacerbate heart failure?

A

Yes

2) Cardiopulm (16 decks)

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