2 air water soil

Question 1

cause of Air Circulation and atmospheric circulation

Answer 1

*Unequal solar heating of the Earth results in higher tropospheric temperatures in the tropics compared to the poles.
*Cooler air from higher latitudes with lesser
heating, moves toward the equator to replace it

Question 2

definition of prevailing winds (the most frequent wind
directions) and varies

Answer 2

*The vertically and horizontally atmosphere motions
*easterly trade winds:air moves toward the equator from the east In the tropic(30N and S) Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
*prevailing westerlies: Air moving away the equator from the west (30-60 N and S)

Question 3

defination of Weather;climate;Climograph

Answer 3

*Short-term atmospheric condition over an area
*Characteristic patterns of atmospheric conditions over an extended period, Key components: ➢ Temperature
➢ Precipitation
*Graphical representations of temperature and precipitation
in an area over a year

Question 4

describe Temperature

Answer 4

*the mean annual temperature is a function of the amount of
solar radiation received
*increasing distance north or south from the equator results in decreasing temperatures, increase in the range of temperature between summer and winter
*During the day, dependent on the amount of solar radiation received; During the night, dependent on the amount of heat
absorbed and the rate at which it is given off as infrared
radiation
*maritime climates, there is a lower range in daily and seasonal
temperature because of the moderating effect of adjacent water bodies

Question 5

describe Precipitation

Answer 5

• Surface heating of an air mass, which causes it to rise, The rising air mass gains moisture and cools, as it is lifted to higher altitudes,The cooling air mass gets to a point when it can no longer hold the moisture, falling as precipitation
  *varies with latitude, dependent on the interrelationships between air currents, large water bodies, and topography
  *Frontal from the interaction between cold and warm air; masses;Convective, the result of rapidly rising warm air
  *mountain: convective processes, forcing air upwards, more rainfall on the windward side, lower rainfall on the downwind side.

Question 6

Major sources of water on the Earth

Answer 6

➢ The oceans
➢ Rivers
Streams
Lakes
➢ Ground water
➢ The atmosphere
➢ Plants

Question 7

transferred processes of water

Answer 7

➢ Precipitation
➢ Evaporation
➢ Transpiration
➢ Sublimation

Question 8

humidity

Answer 8

*the amount of water vapor in the air
*Warm air can hold more water than cold air
*Relative humidity indicates the percentage of vapor present in air compared to how much it can hold (saturation)

Question 9

water function

Answer 9

➢ The production of organic matter by plants
➢ The decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms
➢ The weathering of rocks, and the development of soils

Question 10

defination and function of Soil

Answer 10

*comprises the weathered layer of the earth’s crust
*➢ A source of water and nutrients for plants and
microorganisms
➢ The physical support system for rooting of terrestrial
vegetation
➢ Medium in which most microorganisms and many
animals live

Question 11

formation of soil

Answer 11

*Parent material: Consolidated - igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock
Unconsolidated - transported by water, ice, wind, or gravity
*formation occurs through:Physical and Chemical weathering ,decomposition of organic matter

Question 12

soil profile

Answer 12

O:consists of dead plants and animals
A:substantial organic matter dark in color
E:strongly leached
B:maximum accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides
and clays
C:unweathered parent material
R:unweathered layer of bedrock