2. Advanced Microbiology Flashcards
What class of antibiotic is flucloxacillin?
Penicillin - B-lactam
only active again gram + bacteria e.g. Staph Aureus
What antibiotic is used against MRSA?
Vancomycin (glycopeptide)
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - flucloxacillin (methicillin) doesn’t work
Necrotising Fasciitis is commonly caused by what?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
+ staph aureus
Which of these antibiotics are safe to use during pregnancy?
- Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)
- Trimethoprim
- Tetracyclins
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Meropenem
4, 5, 6
B-lactams are safe in pregnancy.
The first 3 will all cause harm and should be avoided.
Treatment for HSV, Chicken pox, Shingles?
Aciclovir
antiviral
RNA polymerase nucelotide inhibitor used as a treatment against Hepatitis C?
Sofosbuvir
a combination of direct acting antivirals such as sofosbuvir are used - cure rates >90%
What is MIC?
Minimum inhibitory concentration
The minimum concentration of bacteriostatic/fungostatic agent need to stop an organism visibly growing.
What is MBC/MFC?
Minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration
The minimum concentration where most organisms are killed.
Identify the B-lactam antibiotics.
- Penicillins - Benzylpenicillin, Amoxicillin, Flucloxacillin
- Cephalosporins - Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime
- Carbapenems - Meropenem, Imipenem
- Monobactams - Aztreonam (used in patients allergic to B-lactams)
Identify 2 B-lactam/B-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
- Amoxicillin + Clavulanate = Augmentin
2. Piperacillin + Tazobactam = Tazocin
What is the mode of action of Echinocandins such as Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin?
Inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis, by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase.
Most commonly used Aminoglycoside (protein synthesis inhibitor)?
Gentamicin
Oxazolidinones
Tetracyclines
MLS antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
What have all of these got in common?
Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors not used in fungi as they have similar mechanisms as humans
Trimethoprim
Sulphonamides
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones
What have all of these got in common?
Bacterial DNA synthesis inhibitors
Treatment for TB?
Rifampicin
RNA synthesis inhibitor
Where can bacterial resistance genes be found?
Plasmids
these sequences can be transferred to other bacteria by conjugation.
What is the pharmacodynamic target in relation to antibiotics?
The fixed point at which the greatest clinical result is achieved with an antibiotic (e.g. concentration/duration of treatment).
Antibiotics are dosed to achieve PD target, but not exceed it.
As there are no additional benefits and it may be toxic.
What is the Probability of Target Attainment in relation to antibiotics?
The probability that an antibiotic treatment will be effective and reach PD target.
Complete killing or removal of all types of microorganisms.
Sterilisation
Removal or destruction of sufficient numbers of potentially harmful micro-organisms to make an item safe to use.
Decontamination
A drug that inhibits beta-lactamase activity?
Clavulanic acid
One of the most common bacterial causes of community acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
When the activity of two antimicrobials given together is greater than the sum of their activity if given separately?
Synergism
Class of ß-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillins
A term used to describe the process of identifying if the organisms are clonally related?
Typing
Vertical transmission of auto-antibodies from mother to foetus & breastfeeding - this is …….. immunity
Passive
Antimicrobial agent which kills bacteria?
Bactericidal
Test to inform decisions on which antimicrobial agents to use in an infection?
Sensitivity
An antibiotic that effects RNA synthesis and used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
Rifampicin/Rifamycin
An oral antibiotic that would be active against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Doxycycline
An organism that can cause colitis secondary to treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic?
Clostridium difficile
Example of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
Azidothymidine
The “C” in CRUB 65 score stands for ……?
Confusion
Complete killing or removal of all types of micro-organisms
Sterilisation
An antifungal commonly used for the treatment of athlete’s foot?
Terbinafine
Removal or destruction of sufficient numbers of potentially harmful micro-organisms to make an item safe to use
Disinfection
Change from a negative to a positive result from one test to a subsequent test is called ……?
Seroconversion
A Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor, which is a cytosine analogue used in the treatment of HIV?
Lamivudine
Example of an aminoglycoside protein synthesis inhibitor antimicrobial agent?
Gentamicin
A polymer that forms the outside of the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
Stain that distinguishes different bacteria on the basis of their cell walls?
Gram
