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Clinical Pathology > 1. Core Microbiology > Flashcards

1. Core Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Staphylococcus aureus’?

A

Gram + cocci

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2
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Heamophilus’?

A

Gram - coccobacilli

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3
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Helicobacter’?

A

Spiral bacteria

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4
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Neisseria meningitidis’?

A

Gram - cocci

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5
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Escherichia coli’?

A

Gram - bacilli

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6
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Clostridium difficile’?

A

Gram + bacilli

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7
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Streptococcus pyogenes’?

A

Gram + cocci

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8
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Brucella’?

A

Gram - coccobacilli

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9
Q

What bacterial classification is ‘Neisseria gonorrhoeae’?

A

Gram - cocci

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10
Q

What colour stain indicates Gram + bacteria?

A

Blue/Black (purple)

they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall which retain the stain

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11
Q

What colour stain indicates Gram - bacteria?

A

Pink/Red

thinner cell wall, they are counter stained after the gram stain which gives the red colour

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12
Q

What bacteria is found in the noses of up to 50% of people?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

induces an immune response if there is a cut in the skin and it gets into it

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of skin/soft tissue infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

staphylo = bunch of graps in Greek

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14
Q

An opportunistic pathogen found on most peoples skin.

Associated with infections involving intravascular catheters/prosthetic joints/prosthetic cardiac valves.

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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15
Q

Commonest cause of bacterial sore throat.

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

strepto = chain in Greek

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16
Q

Commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia & meningitis (except in neonates)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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17
Q

Commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates (babies under 3 months)

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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18
Q

Streptococcus milleri is associated with what?

A

Abscesses - dental, liver, lung, brain etc.

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19
Q

Group of species which inhabit the upper respiratory tract and are a classic cause of acute bacterial endocarditis.

A

Viridans streptococci

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20
Q

Gram + bacillus, classic cause of diphtheria.

A

Corynebacterium species
(corynebacterium diphtheriae)

rarely seen in the UK now due to vaccinations

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21
Q

Gram + bacillus, associated with acne.

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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22
Q

Commonest cause of urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

E. coli

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23
Q

Commonest cause of bacteraemia.

A

E. coli

causes a lot of bloodstream infections

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24
Q

Multi-resistant gram - bacillus which has a characteristic green pigment.
Can cause respiratory infections, UTI’s

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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25
Q

Gram - diplococcus, causes meningococcal sepsis and meningitis.

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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26
Q

Cause of gonorrhoea.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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27
Q

The Clostridium species are anaerobes, what does this mean?

A

Grow in the absence of oxygen.

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28
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB.

This mycobacterium species is referred to as the ‘Acid Fast Bacilli’. Why?

A

They don’t stain with gram stain.

They require ‘Acid Fast’ stains.

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29
Q

Most common respiratory tract infection.

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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30
Q

Most commonest cause of STI.

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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31
Q

Cause of syphilis.

A

Treponema pallidum

Spirochaetes

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32
Q

Which of the following can cause meningitis?

A] Neisseria meningitidis
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Listeria monocytogenes
D] Streptococcus agalactiae
E] Haemophilus influenzae
F] Staphylococcus aureus
A

ALL of them

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33
Q

Which of the following is the most common sexually transmitted infection?

A] Chlamydia trachomatis
B] Treponema pallidum
C] Corynebacterium diphtheriae
D] Staphylococcus aureus
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Viridans streptococci
A

A

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34
Q

Which of these bacteria is a common cause of skin infection?

A] Klebsiella pneumoniae
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Haemophilus influenzae
D] Neisseria meningitidis
E] Staphylococcus aureus
F] Clostridium difficile
A

E

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35
Q

Which of the following are ‘Gram Negative’ bacteria?

A] Streptococcus pneumoniae
B] Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C] Escherichia coli
D] Listeria monocytogenes
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A

C and E

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36
Q

What are fungi cell wall made of?

A

Glucan-chitin (mainly carbohydrates)

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37
Q

What are the 3 types of fungal disease?

A
  1. Superficial infection - skin, hair , nails
    (dermatophytes, Malassezia, Candida)
  2. Subcutaneous infection
  3. Systemic infection - organs
    (Candida, Aspergillus)
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38
Q

Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the groin area known as ‘Jock itch’?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea cruris

More common in men.

Itching, scaling, erythematous (redness).

Cause: T. rubrum

39
Q

Which of these is a general Dermatophyte infection of the torso and limbs known as ‘ringworm’?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea corporis

like corpse

40
Q

Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of shaved skin on the face?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea barbae

like barber

41
Q

Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the nails known as ‘fungal nail disease’?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea unguium

Destruction of the nail starting with white patches on the nail.

5-25% of adults, increasing incidence in elderly.

Causes: Trichophyton rubrum + T. interdigitale

42
Q

Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the scalp and hair known as ‘scalp ringworm’?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea capitis

(like wearing a cap)

most common in prepubescent children

inflammation, scaly patches, alopecia, black dots.

Severity of inflammation depends on whether the fungi is zoophilic (from animals) or anthrophilic (from humans).

43
Q

Which of these is a Dermatophyte infection of the feet known as ‘Athletes foot’?

  1. Tinea pedis
  2. Tinea unguium
  3. Tinea cruris
  4. Tinea corporis
  5. Tinea capitis
  6. Tinea barbae
A
  1. Tinea pedis

More common in adult men.

Can affect one or both feet.

Cause: Trichophyton rubrum

44
Q

How is Tinea capitis treated?

A

Systemic antifungals

e.g.
Griseofulvin
Terbinsfine
Itraconazole

45
Q

Lesions of hyper/hypopigmented skin in the upper trunk, between puberty and middle age.

What is this and how is it treated?

A

Pityriasis versicolor

A type of Malassezia

(what you had on your neck time ago)

Topical antifungals e.g. clotrimazole

If fails = oral antifungal: fluconazole / intraconazole

46
Q

Large genus of yeasts which can infect almost any organ in the body, associated with thrush.

What species is the most common?

A

Candida

Candida albicans is most common

47
Q

Inflammation of vaginal epithelium, may extend to labia.
Affects 70-80% of women at least once. Associated with pruritis (itching), burning sensation and discharge.

What is it and how is it treated?

A

Candida vulvovaginitis

Oral antifungals e.g. fluconazole

48
Q

How are pregnant women with Candida vulvovaginitis treated?

A

Topical azoles e.g. clotrimazole

DO NOT USE ORAL AZOLES
(e.g. fluconazole)

these increase the risk of tetratologies.

49
Q

Give 4 examples of candida infections.

A
  1. Candidaemia - diagnosed in blood culture
  2. Candida oesophagitis - mainly in HIV, diagnosed with endoscopy biopsy
  3. Candida endocarditis - vegetation on heart valves (affects IV drug users and valve surgery patients)
  4. Renal candidosis - candida in blood gets stuck in kidney tissue during filtration
  5. Urinary tract Candida infection - more common in women, diabetics, damaged/abnormal urinary tracts
  6. Candida peritonitis - diagnosed with a Candida culture from peritoneal fluid
  7. Heptaosplenic candidosis
50
Q

A genus of moulds (filamentous fungi) which produce airborne spores that you are exposed to via inhalation.

A

Aspergillus

51
Q

What is an Aspergilloma?

A

A solid ball of fungus which occupies cavities in the body (mainly lung) made by previous TB infections or surgery.

These can be present for a while and not cause an issue UNLESS they break up. Causing haemoptysis and are potentially fatal.

52
Q

An allergic reaction to Aspergillus can cause what?

A

Asthma

Cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Fungal pathogen which causes pulmonary or sinus disease?

A

Aspergillus

54
Q

Dermatophytes are….?

A - Mites that live on the skin

B - Fungi that infect skin hair and nails

C - Fungal pathogens frequently grown in blood culture

D - Bacteria found on the skin

E - Skin lesions giving the appearance of plants

A

B

55
Q

Candida is…..?

A - Yeasts causing superficial and systemic infection

B - A play by Ibsen

C - Yeasts only causing oral infection

D - Yeasts causing infections that are always treated with fluconazole

E - Moulds causing pulmonary disease

A

A

56
Q

Aspergillus is….?

A - A mould that always causes of invasive disease

B - A mould that always allergic disease

C - A yeast that causes pulmonary disease

D - A mould that causes pulmonary disease

E - A mould that always causes skin disease

A

D

Aspergillus can cause invasive and other infections
Aspergillus can cause allergic and other disease
Aspergillus is a mould not a yeast
Aspergillus does mainly cause pulmonary disease
Aspergillus rarely causes skin infection

57
Q

What is the cause of Tinea cruris?

A

Trichophyton Rubrum / T. Rubrum

58
Q

What is the cause of Tinea pedis?

A

Trichophyton Rubrum / T. Rubrum

59
Q

What is kerion celsi a complication of?

A

Tinea capitis

severe form that is usually animal derived

60
Q

A group of keratinophilic fungi.

A

Dermatophytes

61
Q

Tinea pedis which affects the entire sole of the foot.

A

Moccasin foot

62
Q

What does S. Aureus produce to stimulate a host response?

A

Exoenzymes and toxins

63
Q

Most common cause of UTI and bacteraemia.

A

E.coli

64
Q

Otitis media can be caused by what bacteria?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

also causes pneumonia + meningitis

65
Q

Bacterial cause of meningitis in neonates.

A

Streptococcus Agalactiae

66
Q

Classic cause of bacterial endocarditis (vegetation).

A

Viridans Streptococci

67
Q

Classic cause of gas gangrene.

A

Clostridium Perfringens

68
Q

Which 2 bacterial species do not have a conventional cell wall?

A

Chlamydia species + Mycoplasma species

69
Q

Most common cause of STI.

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

70
Q

Cause of syphilis.

A

Treponema Pallidum

71
Q

Prokaryotes lack introns and organelles.

True or False?

A

TRUE

eukaryotes have both introns in their genes and membrane bound cell organelle.

72
Q

Topical antifungal treatment for dermatophytes?

A

Clotrimazole

+ Terbinafine (oral + topical versions)

73
Q

How is Tinea Capitis treated?

A

SYSTEMIC antifungals:

Griseofulvin OR Terbinafine

74
Q

Pityriasis versicolor is caused by what type of fungi?

hyper- or hypopigmented lesions on skin

A

Malassezia (yeast)

75
Q

Cause of oral/vaginal thrush.

A

Candida Albicans (most common Candida)

76
Q

Very common yeast infection in women that presents with pruritis.

A

Candida vulvovaginitis (vaginal yeast infection)

77
Q

Antifungal treatment against Candida?

A

Fluconazole (oral)

78
Q

Antifungal treatment against Candida in pregnant women?

A

Clotrimazole (topical)

fluconazole and other oral azoles increase the risk of teratologies.

79
Q

Most common Candida?

A

Candida Albicans

80
Q

How is aspergillus spread?

A

Inhalation of spores

81
Q

A herpes virus which causes chicken pox.

A

Varicella zoster virus

reactivates to cause herpes zoster/shingles

82
Q

80-90% of infectious mononucleosis or ‘glandular fever’ is caused by what?

A

Epstein Barr virus

rest is caused by CMV

83
Q

What does Rhinovirus cause?

A

common cold

84
Q

Virus that causes bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

85
Q

At what point is HIV classed as AIDS?

A
  1. Increase in viral load
  2. Drop in CD4 count
  3. Opportunistic infections e.g. cryptococcal meningitis, tuberculosis, pneumocytic pneumonia
86
Q

dsRNA Virus of childhood, affecting everyone with first 3 years of life. Associated with fever, vomiting, watery diarrhoea.

A

Rotavirus

87
Q

Coxsackie A is associated with pericarditis.

True or False?

A

FALSE

Coxsackie A = herpangina (mouth blisters)

Coxsackie B = pericarditis

88
Q

Erythema infectiosum ‘Slapped cheek syndrome’ is caused by what virus?

A

Parvovirus B19

89
Q

A virus which can trigger Transient aplastic crisis in patients with hemoglobinopathies?

A

Parvovirus B19

90
Q

What is a prion?

A

Small infectious protein pathogen with no nucleic acid

e.g. nvCJD

91
Q

A spongiform change in brain tissue is associated with what pathogen?

A

Prion

92
Q

A drug used for the treatment of giardiasis?

A

Metronidazole

93
Q

The commonest organ affected by a hydatid cyst?

A

Liver

94
Q

A sexually transmitted parasitic disease?

A

Trichomoniasis

Clinical Pathology (11 decks)

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