2-7: Bacterial Cell Inclusions and Endospores Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inclusion

A

Body or aggregate within cell, often related to storage

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2
Q

What is a microcompartment

A

Protein shells that encase specific enzymes/metabolites, cofactors

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3
Q

What are carbon storage polymers

A

Lipid polymers produced when there is excess carbon/energy. They aggretate to form large granules and are broken down when energy is needed

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4
Q

What is the name of the carbon storage polymer lipid used?

A

poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), the most common of which is poly-beta-hydroxybutryric acid (PHB)

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5
Q

Where is inorganic phosphate stored

A

Polyphosphate granules; broken down to produce nucleic acids, phospholipids

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6
Q

Where is excess sulfur stored

A

Sulfur storage granules

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7
Q

What organisms produce sulfure stoarge granules?

A

Made by bacteria/archaea that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds for energy

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8
Q

What are gas vesicles. eg?

A

Protein structures that keep water/solutes out, let gas in. Confer buoyancy - can bring microbe to favourable environment. e.g. cyanobacteria at surface of water = sunlight

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9
Q

What are microcomparments? Give an example.

A

Polyhedral protein shells that encase specific enzymes/metabolites/cofactors. eg. carboxyzomes

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10
Q

What are carboxysomes

A

Microcompartments that concentrate enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Leads to increased efficiency, reduces side reactions

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11
Q

What are some functions of microcompartments?

A

Protect the cell from toxic metabolites

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12
Q

What is an endospore

A

Hihgly differentiated dormant cell that survives starvation, harsh evironment

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13
Q

What phylum produces endospores

A

Firmicutes (gram +)

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14
Q

Are endospores the only kind of spore?

A

NO, diff bacteria create diff spore structures

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15
Q

What are endospores resistant to

A

Heat, radiation, drying, nutrient depletion, chemicals, etc

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16
Q

What is a vegetative cell

A

A metabolically active, growing/diving cell that become endospores upon nutrient deprivation. Can be reactivated/germinate when environment becomes favourable

17
Q

Name four metabolic changes that occur when a cell changes from vegetative to endospore

A

Low to high Ca2+, generation of ipicolonic acid, decrease water content, generation of SASPs

18
Q

How do endospores create a stable/resistant core

A

Dehydration of the core, Dipicolinic acid, Small acid soluble proteins

19
Q

What is dehydration of the core

A

Water from 80% to <25%. Increases resistance to dessication, inactivates enzymes

20
Q

How do dipicolinic acids help endospores

A

Complexed with Ca2+. Important in dehydration process, binds/stabilizes DNA

21
Q

How do small acid soluble proteins help endospores

A

only made during sporulation. Bind DNA - make it compact, protect it from damage (UV, heat denaturation). Act as carbon/energy source during germination

22
Q

What are the structures of the endospore

A

Core, cortex, two membranes, coat, and exosporium

23
Q

What is the core of an endospore?

A

Where the DNA/ribosomes are held - will become the vegetative cell

24
Q

What is the cortex of an endospore?

A

Peptidoglycan layer

25
What are the two membranes of an endospore?
Contains an outer membrane with NO LPS (nothing like gram negative)
26
What is the coat of an endospore?
Protective protein layer with lots of different proteins
27
What is the exosporium?
A second protein layer present in some endospores