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[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory > [1S] UNIT 1: Phases of Laboratory Testing > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 1: Phases of Laboratory Testing Flashcards

1
Q

The systematic study of biochemical processes associated with health & disease & the measurement of constituents in body fluids or tissues to facilitate diagnosis of disease.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

A representative portion of body fluid such as serum, plasma, urine and CSF

A

Patient Sample

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3
Q

Parts of the Spectrophotometer

A

LEME CPR

Light Source
Entrance Slit
Monochromator
Exit Slip
Cuvette
Photodetector
Read-out Device

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4
Q

T/F: Color transmitted + corresponding color and color observed + color of the observation are the same colors.

A

T

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5
Q

T/F: Color absorbed + complementary color and color observed + color of the observation are the same colors.

A

F; color absorbed + complementary color & color observed + color of the solution have different colors

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6
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

T/F: Tungsten bulb is the most common light source - it falls to the visible-infrared

A

T

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7
Q

TYPES OF LIGHT SOURCE

Less than 400 nm wavelength, greater energy + higher frequency

A

UV

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8
Q

LIGHT SOURCE

Visibke to the UV spectrum

A

Mercury Bulbs
Hydrogen-Deuterium Lamp

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9
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Prevents the entry of stray light

A

Entrance Slit

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10
Q

Most common source of stray light

A

Deteriorating Bulb

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11
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Functions in isolating the desired wavelength of light you want to work with and allow the needed nanometees to pass through

A

Monochromator

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12
Q

2 Monochromators

A
  1. Glass Prism
  2. Diffraction Grating
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13
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

50-1200 nm; also known as reaction vessel; measures the absorbance of a specific wavelength

A

Cuvette

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14
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Coverts light into electricity

A

Photodetector

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15
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Most sensitive and powerful type of photodetector. Also used in fluorometric assays

A

Photomultiplier Tube

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16
Q

PARTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Displays the absorbance & transmittance

A

Read-out Device

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17
Q

Color of control normal & control pathologic

A

Green & Red

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18
Q

T/F: Energy & frequency is directly proportional with wavelength.

A

F; indirectly

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19
Q

These are materials with known characteristics that are used to assess the accuracy and precision of laboratory test results.

A

Controls

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20
Q

This is a known reference material or substance that is used to calibrate or validate laboratory instruments and assays.

A

Standard

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21
Q

Role of MT

A
  1. Deliver accurate and precise laboratory information
  2. Provide reliable lab results
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22
Q

nonfunctioning waste products in the process of being cleared

A

Metabolites

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23
Q

T/F: Enzymes are intracellular in nature

A

T

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24
Q

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

“a comprehensive set of policies and procedures.”

monitors quality performance starting from the ordering of a laboratory determination to its reporting, the interpretation of results, and then
application to patient care

A

Quality Assurance

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25
Quality management phases
1. Pre-analytical 2. Analytical 3. Post analytical
26
test ordering → specimen collection → transporting the specimen → entering patient info → centrifugation → separating & aliquoting plasma → delivery to proper lab location
pre-analytical phase
27
LAB REQUESTS “Immediately”; within 1 hour
STAT
28
LAB REQUESTS 2-3 hrs
Routine
29
FACTORS AFFECTING LABORATORY RESULTS
1. Controllable 2. Uncontrollable
30
VARIABLES AFFECTING SELECT CHEMISTRY ANALYTES ↑ in AM: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, Fe, aldosterone ↑ in PM: acid phosphatase, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Diurnal variation
31
VARIABLES AFFECTING SELECT CHEMISTRY ANALYTES ↑ ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines
Stress
32
Information on Tube Top
1. name 2. other ID 3. MRN 4. accession number 5. tube type 6. collection date 7. tests
33
COMPONENTS OF AN ANALYTICAL RUN is to check if there are interferences in the sample
Blank
34
triglycerides are increased showing whitish color
Lipemic
35
a pure solution of known exact concentration wherein the unknowns are being compared
Standard or Reference Material
36
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS T/F: Should behave like real specimens and should be available in sufficient quantity to last a minimum of 1 year
T
37
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS T/F: Should be unstable over a period of 1 year
F; Should be stable over a period of 1 year
38
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS T/F: Should be available in convenient vial volumes and vary minimally in concentration and composition from vial to vial
T
39
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL CONTROLS T/F: Should be preferably heated require reconstitution before use
F; lyophilized
40
SOURCES OF CONTROL: POOLED CONTROL SERA T/F: Laboratories that prepare their own control should collect a large pool sufficient to last 1 year. The control should be analyzed at least 20 times to obtain the mean value for each constituent and the standard deviations.
T
41
SOURCES OF CONTROL They are either prepared from human serum or from bovine-based products. Readily available in the market
Commercial Control Sera
42
Closeness to the true value (test the mean)
Accuracy
43
Repeatability - pertain to finding the standard deviation
Precision
44
SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANALYTICAL PHASE ○ Variable to statistical error ○ Inaccuracy ○ analytical errors; caused by some factors in the analytical system
Systematic error
45
SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANALYTICAL PHASE ○ Imprecision ○ Personal or operator errors; usually affect only a few analyses
Random errors
46
POST ANALYTICAL PHASE
1. Reporting out of specimen results (manual entries or computer system) 2. Physician contact 3. Reference ranges
47
Refers to the sequential events necessary for an infectious disease to spread from one individual to another. It consists of six interconnected links.
Chain of Infection
48
This is a framework that aims to minimize and control the risks associated with handling biological agents, such as pathogens in laboratory and healthcare settings.
Hierarchy of Control
49
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM T/F: It addresses biologic hazards by performing Biologic Risk Assessment and the development of safety procedures for working with these hazards
T
50
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM T/F: Describe the safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals and radioactive substances
T
51
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM T/F: Clearly outline the laboratory or hospital policies for wrong procedures in the event of fire, natural disasters, and even bomb threats
F; correct procedures
52
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM T/F: Perform initial safety training for all employees in all aspects of laboratory safety and update annually
T
53
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM T/F: Teach correct techniques for lifting and moving heavy objects and patients
T
54
those substances which singly, or in combination, pose a significant present or potential threat or hazard to human health or to the environment and which singly or in combination require special handling, processing, or disposal
hazardous wastes
55
CLEAN
C = Contain L = Leave E = Emergency A = Access MSDS or Material Safety Data Sheets N = Notify supervisor or authorities involved
56
PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL general non-recyclable materials, dry
black
57
PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL biodegradable, wet
green
58
PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL infectious clinical waste
yellow
59
PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL radioactive
orange
60
PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL infectious clinical wastes
yellow
61
requires that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be provided for each chemical by manufacturers and suppliers and must be made available on site for laboratory personnel.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1970)
62
MSDS will specifically include:
○ the chemical identity; ○ chemical and common name; ○ physical and chemical characteristics; ○ signs and symptoms of exposure; ○ routes of entry; ○ exposure limits; ○ carcinogenic potential; ○ safe handling procedures; ○ spill cleanup procedures; and ○ emergency first-aid.
63
RADIATION HAZARD T/F: Records must be maintained for the length of employment plus 10 years.
F; 30 years
64
RADIATION HAZARD can be one of the most toxic sources of exposure to personnel in the lab
Ionizing Radiation

[MT 6317] Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (10 decks)

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