1S [LEC]: Leukocyte Development & Kinetics Flashcards
WBC: Basic protein granules that stain with acid stain
Eosinophil
WBC: Granules react with both acid and basic stains: pink to lavender color
Neutrophil
WBC: Acidic granules that stain with basic stain
Basophil
The three pools of developing neutrophils in the bone marrow
Stem Cell
Proliferation (mitotic)
Maturation (storage)
HSCs, CMPs, and GMPs can be identified through the detection by ___
flow cytometry
Identify the pool:
Cells undergoing nuclear maturation that form the marrow reserve and available for release
Maturation (storage) pool
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
15-20 um in diameter, has an N:C ratio of 8:1-4:1
Myeloblast
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has fine nuclear chromatin with 2-5 visible nucleoli
Myeloblast (type I)
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has a slightly basophilic cytoplasm with no visible granules
Myeloblast (type I)
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Can have the presence of dispersed primary granules, up to 20 per cell
Myeloblast (type II)
Type II and type III myeloblasts are often referred to as ___
Granular blasts
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has an N:C ratio of 3:1, 16-26 um in diameter
Promyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has round to oval nucleus that is often eccentric with fine chromatin
Promyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has a basophilic cytoplasm with more than 20 primary granules present
Promyelocyte
T/F: In promyelocyte, the nucleoli may be obscured by the granules
True
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has an N:C ratio of 2:1 and a diameter of 12-18 um
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Final stage capable of cell division or mitosis
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has a round to oval nucleus that is often eccentric and has a coarse and condensed chromatin with no visible nucleoli
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Presence of Hof or paranuclear halo and full or primary granules
Promyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Production of primary granules ceases wherein they are less visible
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Begins the production of secondary or specific granules
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Dawn of neutrophilia
Myelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has an indented nucleus that is often kidney bean or peanut in shape
Metamyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
With very clumped chromatin and absent nucleoli
Metamyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Start of the synthesis of tertiary or gelatinase granules
Metamyelocyte
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Has an indentation of >50%, abundant secondary granules, and continued formation of tertiary granules
Band neutrophil
Identify the stage in leukocyte development:
Begin the formation of secretory granules
Band neutrophil
T/F: In both pediatric and adult patients, neutrophil has the highest percentage in their peripheral blood
False (in pediatrics, lymphocyte has the highest count)
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Myeloperoxidase
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Acid-B-glyceryophosphatase
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Cathepsins
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Defensins
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Elastase
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Proteinase-3
Primary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
B2-Microglobulin
Secondary/ Tertiary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Collagenase
Secondary/ Tertiary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Gelatinase
Secondary/ Tertiary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Lactoferrin
Secondary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
Secondary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Transcobalamin
Secondary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Lysozyme
Tertiary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Acetyltransferase
Tertiary
Identify the neutrophil granule:
CD11b/ CD18
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Alkaline phosphatase
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Vesicle-associated membrane-2
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
CD10, CD13, CD14, CD16
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Cytochrome b588
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Complement 1q receptor
Secretory
Identify the neutrophil granule:
Complement receptor-1
Secretory
In neutrophil, what is the transit time from myeloblast to myelocyte?
6 days
In neutrophil, what is the transit time in maturation pool?
4-6 days
What is the half-life of neutrophils?
7 hours
Inflammation and infection responded by ___ and ___ prolong the neutrophil’s life span
Mcl-1
Myeloperoxidase
Identify the neutrophil extravasation step:
Adhesion of neutrophil selectins such as Sialyl-Lewis X to P-selectins and E-selectins
Rolling
Identify the neutrophil extravasation step:
Contact between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and integrins, macrophage-1 antigen (MAC-1)
Adhesion
Identify the neutrophil extravasation step:
Involvement of PECAM-1 (CD31)
Transmigration/ Diapedesis
In the oxygen dependent phagocytosis, this converts oxygen to reactive oxygen species
NADPH oxidase
A condition where there is a deficiency in NADPH oxidase, causing an increased risk to infections
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
In the oxygen independent phagocytosis, this activates the enzymes and granules of the neutrophil
Changing of pH to alkaline then neutral
The most important cytokine that aids in eosinophil proliferation and differentiation
IL-5 (IL-33 also plays a role)
Eosinophilic promyelocyte can be identified cytochemically because of the presence of ___ in their primary granules
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
In eosinophil and metamyelocyte bands, electron microscopy aids in the visualization of which two organelles?
Lipid bodies
Small granules
Half-life of eosinophils
18 hours
Transit time of eosinophils in maturation pool
3.5 days
T/F: Half-life of eosinophil shortens with eosinophilia
False (it is prolonged)
Survival time of eosinophils in human tissues
2-5 days
Half-life of basophils
60 hours
Important cytokines in basophil development
IL-3
TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin)
WBC that has no storage pool of mature cell in the bone marrow
Monocyte
The marginal pool of monocytes is ___ times the circulating pool
3.5
Monocytes remain in the circulation for ___ days
3
Neutrophils and monocytes are direct descendants of a common progenitor known as ___
GMP
The stage in neutrophilic development in which the nucleus is indented in a kidney bean shape and the cytoplasm has secondary granules that are lavender in color
Metamyelocyte
Characterized by the presence of fewer than 20 primary granules per cell
Type II Myeloblasts
Which one of the following is a function of neutrophils?
a. Presentation of antigen to T and B lymphocytes
b. Protection against reexposure by same antigen
c. Nonspecific destruction of foreign organisms
d. Initiation of delayed hypersensitivity response
C
Which of the following cells are important in immune regulation, allergic inflammation, and destruction of tissue invading helminths?
a. Neutrophils and monocytes
b. T and B lymphocytes
c. Eosinophils and basophils
d. Macrophages and dendritic cells
C
Basophils and mast cells have high-affinity surface receptors for which immunoglobulin?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. G
C
Which of the following cell types is capable of differentiating into osteoclasts, macrophages, or dendritic cells?
a. Neutrophil
b. Lymphocyte
c. Monocyte
d. Eosinophil
C
Macrophages aid in adaptive immunity by:
a. Degrading antigen and presenting it to lymphocytes
b. Ingesting and digesting organisms that neutrophils cannot
c. Synthesizing complement components
d. Storing iron from senescent red cells
A
Which of the following is the final stage of B-cell maturation after activation by antigen?
a. Large, granular lymphocyte
b. Plasma cell
c. Reactive lymphocyte
d. Immunoblast
B
The following is unique to both B and T lymphocytes and occurs during their early development:
a. Expression of surface antigens CD4 and CD8
b. Maturation in the thymus
c. Synthesis of immunoglobulins
d. Rearrangement of antigen receptor genes
D
The most frequent leukocytes found in peripheral blood are ___
Neutrophil
The function of the entire leukocytic system is to
a. Defend the body against disease
b. Synthesis of antibodies
c. Protect against allergic reactions
d. Secrete enzymes
A
The granulocyte cells that are believed to descend from a common multipotential stem cell in the bone marrow are
a. Neutrophils and eosinophils
b. Basophils and lymphocytes
c. Lymphocytes and monocytes
d. Both A and B
A
The types of granulocytic leukocytes found in the proliferative compartment of the bone marrow are
a. Myeloblasts, myelocytes, metamyelocytes
b. Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes
c. Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes
d. Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band neutrophils
C
Marginating granulocytes in the peripheral blood can be found
a. In the circulating pool
b. In the tissues
c. Adhering to the vascular endothelium
d. All of the above
C
The half-life of circulating granulocytes in normal blood is estimated to be
a. 2.5-5 hours
b. 7-10 hours
c. 24 hours
d. 2 days
B
Identify the stage of granulocyte maturation:
Prominent primary granules that are rich in myeloperoxidase and chloroacetate esterase and have a diameter of 14-20 um
Promyelocyte
Identify the stage of granulocyte maturation:
The earliest in which secondary or specific granules appear
Myelocyte
Which of the following are contents of basophilic granules?
a. Heparin
b. Histamine
c. Myeloperoxidase
d. Both A and B
D
