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AQA Alevel History Cold War > 19) The Second Cold War > Flashcards

19) The Second Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Soviets invade Afghanistan

A

December 1979

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2
Q

Situation in Afghanistan prior to Soviet invasion

A

Very complex political situation since before the 1960s
60s- become a constitutional monarchy
1973- coup to change the monarchy
April 1978- coup where the soviet-backed socialist party win power (Marxist-Leninist party)
Parties are very uncoordinated and it falls back into a civil war after the ‘78 coop, the socialist party faces opposition from US-backed mujahideen groups.

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3
Q

leader of Afghanistan prior to the 1978 coop

A

General Mohammed Daoud Khan, established Afghanistan as a republic

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4
Q

PDPA

A

People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (socialist party)
was founded in 1965 but by ‘67 they had split into factions

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5
Q

why did the PDPA overthrown Daoud

A

He failed to implement any of the socialist policies to which he had committed (in order for him to achieve victory in his 1963 coup against the monarchy, he needed the support from all the big political parties, thus he promised these reforms)

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6
Q

details of the 1978 coup

A

April
Soviet-trained Afghan soldiers
took place without direct Soviet participation

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7
Q

Why was Afghanistan a concern for the USSR (why did they invade)

A

-shared a 2,5000 metre border, the Soviets have ties with Afghanistan and would like it to be in their sphere
-PDPA regime begins to fragment due to conflict over policies
-Regional ally to the USSR, any alliance with the US would lead to a strengthened US geostrategic power
-Protection of the USSRs own security, needed the Afghanistan as the buffer
-the USSR believed their actions where inline with the Basic Principles of détente (they needed to preserver their power)
-Saw their military intervention as a defensive act to stop Afghanistan from descending into a chaos and being a victim to external forces (bit hypocritical)

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8
Q

Soviet vs US views of the invasion

A

USSR- it was necessary
US- it was expansionist

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9
Q

why was military intervention the chosen action in Afghanistan?

A

USSR believed immediate action was needed to preserve the status quo (restore a stable, popular, socialist government) and ensure the USSRs security

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10
Q

Why did the Soviets believe their actions in Afghanistan aligned with the basic principles

A

-defensive act
-preserve not destroy
-Afghanistan was never part of the US influence

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11
Q

what was the People’s republic of Chinas (PCR) view on the invasion?

A

-did not agree
-cancelled talks with the USSR and provided weaponry to the mujahideen

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12
Q

when do NATO put missiles in Europe and how does this effect the USSR

A

December 1978
creates paranoia, a motivator to invade Afghanistan

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13
Q

Coup to overthrow Dauod

A

April 1978

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14
Q

how many soviet troops were in the initial invasion

A

50,000 but double to 100,000 in a matter of months

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15
Q

Reasons for social unrest in Afghanistan

A

many Afghans believed the new Marxist reforms undermined Afghanistan’s traditional Islamic culture

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16
Q

President Amin

A

took power after coup in 1978 but Soviets did not trust him as he began try and improve relations with the USA and Pakistan

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17
Q

death of Amin

A

December 1979
soviets storm the presidential building where Amin is executed and Babrak Karmal is installed as leader

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18
Q

Was Babrak Karmal a popular leader

A

no, he did not have the support of the Afghans, they saw him a puppet to the Soviets (eg the Afghan army was dissolved so the Soviets could control military action)

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19
Q

the war by 1985

A

no victory, still vicious fighting between the Mujahideen and the Soviets

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20
Q

Soviets in 1985 (Afghanistan)

A

demoralised
big financial strain on USSR
Afghanistan was becoming ‘the Soviet’s Viet Nam’

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21
Q

Mujahideen by 1985

A

controlled 1/5th of the country
held inaccessible mountain bases
financed by the USA and PRC

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22
Q

Situation in Iran

A

1979, the pro-US Shah is overthrown and replaced with anti-American Islamic fundamentalists, left vulnerable the communist influence

23
Q

What did the US fear in south-west Asia

A

-the domino theory (similar to the 1950s)
-feared the loss of the Indian ocean and Persian Gulf (thus the loss of oil supplies)

24
Q

Carter’s response to Afghanistan

A

-trade embargo with USSR
-Senate refuse to ratify SALT II
-Carter Doctrine

25
Q

Carter Doctrine

A

Jan 1980
Expansion of containment policy into middle east
USA was prepared to use force to do this

26
Q

PRC and USA on afghanistan

A

both support the Mujahideen
Chinese defence minister Geng Biao goes to the US and approves the export of items (advanced technology) to the Mujahideen

27
Q

Reagan’s response to Afghanistan

A

in 1986 Reagan sends the Mujahideen lightweight air-to-ground missiles which diminishes soviet air superiority

28
Q

end of war in Afghanistan

A

1989

29
Q

Reaction of Western Europe to Afghanistan

A

Thatcher supported the US actions although the FRG and France were hesitant to condemn the USSR
They did not want to destroy the newly found European détente
many argued it was no different to the US invasion of Czechoslovakia

30
Q

overall impact of the reactions to Afghanistan

A

strengthened Sino-American relations while ruining Sino-Soviet ones

31
Q

How was the invasion of Afghanistan the start of the 2nd cold war?

A

portrayed the USSR in a very similar, negative light as in the 1950s
the USSR was seen as a dangerous, expansionist force and their invasion forced the USA to change its foreign policy, the the 1940s/50s it changed from isolationism to containment while in the 1970s/80s from detente back to containment
However, the background for this 2nd cold war was different (instead of Europe it was western Asia) moreover, France and FRG were less willing to condemn the soviet actions

32
Q

New Personalities in the Cold War

A

Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Pope John Paul II

33
Q

Reagans opinion/impact on the Cold War

A

-after détente, the presidency of Reagan returned to a more aggressive foreign policy, while Reagan would never pursue a war, he used aggressive policies that were designed to change soviet behaviour
during his time as leader, the fears, tensions and suspicions of the early cold war returned (hence the idea of a 2nd cold war)
-he believed the USA needed to return to utilitarianism in order to return to its military strength
-clever but unpredictable leader, had a big fear of MAD

34
Q

‘freeze’ movement

A

developed in the 1980s
wanted a freeze on the deployment on all nuclear weapons (US public supported this)
resulted in Reagan’s administration accepting the need for arms limitation talks (like START)
However these talks stalled and were then abandoned in 1983 when the US deployed its first cruise and Pershing II missile- for the first time in over a decade the USA and USSR were not involved in some level of negotiations

35
Q

USA and USSR’s views on stopping START talks

A

USSR took the view that the US were not seriously interested in negotiating a mutually beneficial agreement while Reagan blamed the USSR for the talks breaking down as they were the power that abandoned the talks

36
Q

Margaret Thatcher’s view opinion/impact on the Cold War

A

-as an anti-communist and a tory, Thatcher’s opinions aligned with Reagan and she agreed with his aggressive policies
-within the UK she was elected 3 times but became very unpopular as she caused lots of unemployment
-she supported the idea that NATO and the UK should have nuclear weapons and thus opposed disarmament (because the UK was weak in comparison)
-she allowed the US to place missiles in the UK and let the US use UK bases to bomb Libya
-of the view that (like Reagan) Detente wouldn’t end the cold war

37
Q

Reagan, Pope Paul and Thatcher’s impact on cold war tensions

A

R and T just increased them while the Pope had some impact in Poland, as an influential leader many people listened to him

38
Q

Pope John Paul II impact/opinion on the cold war

A

-elected as pope in 1978
-he was Polish
-main impact on the cold war was on the collapse of communism in Poland, when he visited in 1979, he spoke freely about the right and necessity of peaceful, united Europe
-he spoke freely in an aggressive and controlled state
-campaigned against political oppression in the west
-survived an assassination attempt in May 1981 (of which the soviets were given some blame)

39
Q

what was solidarity

A

a popular trade union in Poland, formed in August 1980, became an influential political organisation
Led by Lech Walesa

40
Q

Causes for Solidarity

A

-sever economic crisis in the 1980s, in an attempt to reduce Poland’s foreign debts, the government introduced an 100% rise in food prices
-this price rise resulted in a general strike of 300,000

41
Q

why did the government agree to solidarity?

A

to appease unrest
accepted the 1st independent trade union, the government argued it was an attempt to reconcile its relationship with its people however membership continued to grow to 10 million (80% of state workers), more strikes took place, pay rises were demanded and a national referendum was called for

42
Q

when was solidarity legalised

A

September 1980

43
Q

General Wojciech Jaruzelski

A

Made president of Poland in september 1981

44
Q

Soviet response to solidarty

A

-brezhnev doctrine was still in place
-began to perform military exercises along the polish border
-aware that any intervention could result in massive western backlash and put the USSR under significant financial strain (Afghanistan/Reagan/weak economy), the Politburo, even though deciding not to intervene, convinced the leaders of Poland that a soviet intervention was possible and should be feared

45
Q

Crushing of Solidarity

A

-fearing soviet intervention, Jaruzelski bans solidarity, arrests its leaders and introduces martial law to prevent any backlash, however, solidarity simple went underground and continued to meet in secret

46
Q

US reaction to the crushing of solidarity

A

imposed economic sanctions to trade and tourism suffered, even without this, Poland slipped deeper into an economic crisis

47
Q

What did the crushing of Solidarity signify for the USSR

A

was the beginning of the end, although they did not know it
if the Politburo were unable to convince Jaruzelski that they would invade, solidarity would of continued to grow and could of resulted in the fall of communism in Poland and thus the rest of Europe

48
Q

What was KAL 007

A

a South Korean civic airliner

49
Q

Who shot down KAL 007

A

Soviets

50
Q

why was KAL 007 shot down

A

the USSR claimed that it was a spy plane sent by the USA, the US denied this and blamed the USSR for the deaths of all the passengers

51
Q

How many people died due to the shooting down of KAL 007

A

269 people of which 61 were American

52
Q

when was KAL 007 shot down

A

September 1983

53
Q

How did the shooting down of KAL 007 impact US-Soviet relations

A

Damaged them a lot, within the same year that START talks were abandoned
USSR continued to believe the US had left détente and were moving towards a policy of military superiority

AQA Alevel History Cold War (24 decks)

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