10) Cold War Rivalries Flashcards
what is a hydrogen/thermonuclear bomb
lithium based h-bomb that was 1,500 times more powerful than the original nuclear bombs
US: November 1952
USSR: November 1955
what is an ICBM
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, a nuclear warhead delivery system with a range of 5,600km
US: July 1959
USSR: August 1957
Lithium Bomb in the USA and USSR
USSR developed the lithium bomb faster than the US
USSR: August 1953
USA: March 1954
What was the Strategic air command (SAC)
a unified command plan charged with planning, organisation, training, equipping, administrating and preparing the air force
controlled the US nuclear weapons, their bombers and the production of both
When did SAC start its own unauthorised flights over the USSR
1950 in B-29 bombers, when Truman found out, he banned them because he feared it could provoke a full-scale Soviet response
Curtis LeMay
Leader of the SAC from 1948-57
supported the idea of a pre-emptive strike against the USSR and emphasized the need for permanent readiness in the nuclear age. Wanted SAC to have such an overwhelming strength no one would dare attack the US
‘turned the threatened use of offensive weapons into a strategy of defence
Soviets and their first nuclear bomb
the bomb was surprisingly successful
got the bomb way before the CIA predicted they would, this is due to the fact that by the end of August 1945, Stalin had already organised a plan to create their own bomb
how did the soviets development the bomb so quickly
Use of secrets passed by spies like Karl Fuchs
Used the Gulag prisoners to mine the uranium ore them
American controversy over the H-bomb
Many scientists originally working on trinity refused to work on the new H-bomb as they argued it was immoral to make such a destructive weapon in peace time (Robert Oppenheimer) however, other scientists argued that there was a race on (with the Soviets) and that the American gov must “push ahead” otherwise the American public would be left vulnerable to soviet superiority, in the end Truman gave the green light to the project and, arguably, started the arms race
Race for the H-bomb
while the US detonated the first H-bomb November 1952, 1000x more powerful than the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the advantage did not last for long as the Soviets detonated, although a smaller, thermonuclear bomb showing they had caught up quickly November 1955. Moreover, the bomb was lithium based, making more efficient and was something the Americans were yet to create
why were U-2 spy planes used
SAC flights over USSR
single seat, high altitude (75,000 metres) meaning they were out of range of anti-aircraft defence. They carried cameras and electronic equipment to monitor radio and radar transmissions
what did the U-2 flyovers reveal
the the soviets were FAR behind in the nuclear arms and bomber race, so while they had technology like the Tu-95 Bison bomber, they didn’t have the numbers to match the USA
Proved the bomber gap to be in the USA’s favour, however since this knowledge was collected via espionage, it could not be revealed to the public
the bomber gap
Fear in Gov: U-2 spy planes photographed a soviet air base full of Tu-95 Bison bombers (range long enough to drop a bomb on the US soil)
Fear in public: Soviets displayed their new Tu-95 Bison bomber at the Moscow Air Show of 1955
The Gaither report
November 1957
a report requested by Eisenhower
reported that there was a real gap between US and soviet technology in the favour of the USSR
Called for increased funding for SAC and an increase in the US missile force
published during the peak of the arms race
soviets recently test first ICBM
impact of the Gaither report
Although its contents was not true (proved by U2) it leaked to the press a month later and resulted in huge public hysteria and resulted in things like practice air raids and crash programmes for building nuclear shelters
tension only highted by the successful launch of sputnik the following month
how much of the defensive budget did the US air force have
1953- 40%, maintained throughout the decade
How many atomic bombs did the US have in 1950 compared to 1955 and 1962
1950: 298
1955: 2,422
1962: 27,100
evidence of the USSR and USA using German scientists
Stalin ordered the rounding up and transporting of 16,000 German rocket scientists to Moscow in 1946
Wernher Von Braun- a German scientist was taken to the US and a “guiding light” to the American missile program
what was Sputnik
launched in October 1957
a set of soviet satellites sent to investigate if things could live in space
Impact of Sputnik I
big ego hit for the US, although the USSR announced Sputnik the US dismissed it as propaganda, they didn’t believe the Soviets would actually do it
Implies the soviets had superior technology
What was Sputnik II
November 1957
Same as I however a dog (Laika) was sent with it
Laika was the first living thing ever sent to space and survived a 10 day orbit
sent out on the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution
Impact of Sputnik II
These developments of this technology implied that the Soviets possessed superior nuclear technology
Pressure on Eisenhower due to sputnik
He continued his golf trip
He knew that there was not the gap that everyone believed but he was forced to increase defensive spending my the pressure from democratic party and they argued that democratic cuts for the reason the soviets got ahead
Overall impacts of the sputniks
it undermined the massive retaliation policy because the soviets still caught up with the US, Eisenhower lost the support of the US people as they believed in the Gaither report and that Eisenhower wasn’t helping them through this crisis
Sputnik’s impact on education
people began to believe that the missile gap was directly linked to an educational gap because they believed that they were not educating their students enough
National Defence Education Act
1958
huge programme of federal spending to expand the university system. $2 billion a year spent on education
Vanguard and Flopnik
December 1957
the sense of urgency to develop their own space technology, the US government authorised $1 billion for technological developments and the initial attempt failed to take off in front of the whole news
impact of Vanguard
big, national humiliation
fear of soviet technology
NASA founded in July 1958
Yuri Gagarin
April 1961
first man in space, soviet
how much was US defence spending in 1959
$40 billion
U-2 spy incident
may 1960
US spy plane shot down over the USSR
Big propaganda win for the USSR
Why was there a crisis in Berlin
Nov 1957, Khrushchev gives the west an ultimation, get rid of troops or war
West reject this but don’t want confrontation- leads to camp David talks
However, mass exodus of skilled workers forces Ulbricht to put pressure on Khrushchev to do something
Khrushchev and the Berlin crisis
would make him look good if he got Berlin
between 1949-61, 2.8million fled the DDR/GDR
troops in Europe were draining soviet resources and economy
Building of the Berlin Wall
work begins in august 1961
as decided by a Warsaw pact meeting
built very quickly and with no western counter measures the wall soon became concrete
Allowed Ulbricht to enable the new economy system in eastern Germany
Western reaction to the wall
art military excerises where they tear down walls
lots of tensions
Khrushchev calls talks to discuss the situation but Adenauer (FRG) is suspicious
Franco-German treaty of friendship
Jan 1963
BDR/FGR
with France to ensure their power as a nation (esp. after the Wall)
How did rivalries develop during this time period
-to a notable extent
-space and arms race (while it complied with peaceful co-existence) were a heavy strain on both the US and USSR’s economies
-race also caused lots of humiliation within the USA
-building of the Berlin wall caused a flash point in tensions however the west soon accepted it as Status quo (largely due to other pressures such as Viet Nam and the missile crisis)
