1865-1899

Question 1

Causes of Industrialization

Answer 1

• Civil War created National currency, and spurred industrialization through large contracts for military production, improved use of telegraph, trans railroad due to Railroad Act of 1862
• Geographically US had Coal, Iron, Oil, rivers, lots of grain, pop doubled from 1870 to 1900 with many immigrants
• Rise of Urban Centers - New York, Great Lakes with Chicago, Cleavland(Oil), Pitsburgh (iron and steel)
• Constitutional Commerce Clause made Us single commerce center, US Gov protected patents, Gov helped growth through tariffs, land grants

Question 2

Industry Baby

Answer 2

• 1880 most jobs were non farming, 1890 2/3 worked for wages, 1913 Us had 1/3 industrial output of world
• Railroads increased commerce and created national market and national brand - 1883 time zones created - also led to new organization like modern company with managers, and supervisors -also where the first publicly traded organizations which was used to raise money - created captains of industry like Andrew Canaigre - also marked connectedness of big business and gov
• Captains of Industry seen as good and bad, with humble origins and risks, but less than moral or legal actions
• Vertical integration became popular to increase profits

Question 3

Captains of Industry

Answer 3

• John D. Rockefeller - ruthlessly bought out rivals, and owned 90% of oil industry
• Andrew Carnagie owned steel empire
• Creation of social Darwinism

Question 4

Effects of Industry

Answer 4

• lower prices, raised standard of living
• many people made finding job hard, many hours, and with unrestricted capitalism there where booms and busts of the market impacting peoples lives, lots of industrial injuries
• this led to first unions, first national union was Knights of Labor which grew to 700k by 1884
• Dissatisfaction led to riots like Haymaker riot of 1886, knights on strike were attacked so rioting pursued where bomb was thrown at officers - thus Knights of labor were viewed badly
• American Federation of Labor more moderate focusing on pay, hours, and safety, founded in 1886 by 1892 had 250k
• Pullman Railway strike of 1894 due to layoffs and wage cuts, led to massive property destruction
• New arguments that America was becoming less free and that large companies were unfair

Question 5

Western Expansion

Answer 5

• Railroads helped westward expansion, bringing products and modernity to the unsettled parts of the west
• Led to destruction and relocation of natives, killing of Buffalo, this created the ghost dance
• 1876 Little Big Horn saw Us forces defeated by Chyanne and Suix
• 1871 saw treaty system ended with natives
• 1887 Dawes Act left Natives Land to individual native families, land was meant t stay with natives but much of it was sold to white settlers or investors
• Bureau of Indian Affairs took Natives and reeducated them
• By the mid 1880s enclosure movement occurred Outwest
• The farms Outwest focused on corn and whet production for international market, pushing prices down, also led to massive irrigation system out west which required massive investment and farming became agri business
• Free Market capitalism defined the west

Question 6

US Boom

Answer 6

• After 1850 population boomed, but after economic downturn of 1890s farm prices came back, leading to movement west and golden age of agriculture
• more than 1million land claims made in 1890s under Homestead Act
• many people moved to cities which increased agricultural demand

Question 7

Immigration

Answer 7

• this period saw such extreme growth of cities due to immigration of Irish, and Germans, by 1890s millions came from southern and eastern Europe, which where more Jewish and Catholic - 1894 Immigration Restriction League wanted to limit # of immigrants, 1882 saw Chinese Exclusion Act
• World was globalizing and immigration became prevalent around the world
• New Jobs due to industrialization attracted many who came from places with no jobs, new steam ship made trip cheap and easy
• With all the immigration to cities conditions became very bad, both rich and poor in close contact which highlighted disparities
• This prompted progressivism

Question 8

Gilded Age

Answer 8

• 1873 Gilded Age by Mark Twain, spoke on gov corruption with the economic growth
• Political machine, organization that works to win election like NYC Tammany Hall
• William “Boss” Tweed ran New York in early 1870s, NYC Courthouse which cost much more because people overpaid so money could be made
• Under Ulysis, Credit Mobilie which did construction for Union Pacific Railroad overcharged to get money, and claimed bribed congress
• Whisky Ring, didn’t want to pay taxes so one of Grants officials undercounted kegs discrediting president
• Gilded Age Republican -high tariffs, low spending. paying off debt, and reducing money in circulation
• Gilded Age Democrats - Opposed tariffs and linked to Rich New Yorkers

Question 9

Gilded Reforms

Answer 9

• Civil Service Act of 1883 created merit system for some gov employees instead of chosen favoritism,
• 1890 Sherman Anti Trust Act forbade practices that restricted trade, targeting monopolies, but ended up being used against unions
• National Congress ineffective so state gov expanded public health and welfare, while cities invested in public works like transportation, gas, and electricity, and movement for public education continued, some northern states restricted work day to 8 hours, South busy with Jim Crow
• in 1870s Farmers formed Grange Movement for fair railroad rates and warehouse charges, this became the farmers alliance, farmers motivated against banks and railroads who cut into their profits - this became the populist party which met in 1892, they wanted gov owned railroads, graduated income tax, gov control of currency, recognition of right to form unions, and free coinage of silver to make more money in circulation reducing debt
• Mckenly Heavily funded in 1896 election
• Corruption continued which muckrakers began pointing out

Question 10

Populism

Answer 10

• in 1870s Farmers formed Grange Movement for fair railroad rates and warehouse charges, this became the farmers alliance, farmers motivated against banks and railroads who cut into their profits - this became the populist party which met in 1892, they wanted gov owned railroads, graduated income tax, gov control of currency, recognition of right to form unions, and free coinage of silver to make more money in circulation reducing debt
• populists became so popular out west let women vote, but never gained traction due to southern vs northern disagreements
• William Jennings Bryan was a populist who became democratic nominee, was pro traditionalism in Scopes Monkey Trial - Lost to William Mckenly who was heavily funded , Populist Party ended

Question 11

Anti Corruption

Answer 11

• Corruption continued which muckrakers began pointing out leading to progressive Era

Question 12

Rise of Progressiveism

Answer 12

• Companies wanted low costs so wages where low, hours long, and conditions bad
• Muckrakers - Jungle by Upton Sinclair - Pure food and drug act of 1906
• Industrial Workers of the World 1905 - advocated for wage workers, radical socialists,
• The new industry led to consumer culture and mass marketing, to increase productivity people became like machines with the innovations of products and machines
• Socialism became popular in America with some local leaders being socialist
• 17th Amendment gave voters right to vote for senators
• This time period saw literacy tests and in south Jim crow laws
• Plessy v Furgeson said separate but equal
• Booker T Washington - head of Tuskegee institute in California, said blacks should become educated and useful staying separate
• WEB Dubois wanted full civil rights and helped found the NAACP