1848-1877

Question 1

How did American Expansion begin the road to civil war beginning in 1848?

Answer 1

• Not many Americans in California till gold was discovered in 1848, this led to massive population growth, California originally only gave rights to whites and took land from natives which led to population drop
• 1848 Free Soil Party said no more slavery expansion
• Due to Van Buran Splitting the vote Zachary Taylor would win and California became free state, to which Henery Clay would step in and make compromise of 1850
• Compromise of 1850 made CA a free state, DC free of slave trade, new harsh fugitive slave Act, and popular sovereignty

Question 2

Pre Civil War

Answer 2

• Constitution originally had a fugitive slave law but new one made it mandatory for citizens to return slaves, which led many to move to Canada
• Railroad boom in mid 1800s, backed by Stephan Douglas, and for the railroad to be built would go through Kansas and Nebraska territories so he would push for them to be states
• 1884 Kansas Nebraska Act - white people could choose yet above 36 30 line so Missouri compromise repealed, this led to Bleeding Kansas, had elections in 1854-55 but where massively corrupt,
• This led to creation of new party - Republicans - made of free soilers, Northern anti slave Whigs, and American Party (anti immigrant), completely from free states in north and west, which were tied together by economic goals and railroad
• Republicans wanted to fill the west with small free white farms not large plantations
• 1857 Dredd Scott decision said blacks weren’t citizens
• 1859 John Brown Harpers Ferry VA raid and became anti slavery Martyr, and sent fear to many slave owners
• 1860 Election, Abraham Lincoln won, said he hated slavery but wouldn’t take it away to save Union, yet states seceded, began when union fired on Fort Sumpter in Charleston

Question 3

Civil War 1861-1865

Answer 3

• 1861 Fort Sumpter Union Won
• 1861 Battle of Rich Mountain Union Won
• 1861 Bull Run in VA and North realized the war would be hard, Jackson became Stonewall Jackson, and South won
• Wilsons Creek south won, then Union won Carnifex Ferry, North won cheat mountain, south won Balls Bluff
• 1862 - North won Mill Springs, Fort Henry, Roanoke Island, and Fort Donelson
• Fighting in the west in Arkansas, and Missouri
• Battle of Hampton Roads in VA saw two iron clads fight for the first time
• North won Fort Polaski and Fort Jackson winning New Orleans
• Battle of Antietam Maryland, over 20k casualties
• 1863 Gettysburg was large Union Victory led to Gettysburg address
• 1865 Appomattox Courthouse VA Lee surrendered to Grant

Question 4

Civil War 1861-1865

Answer 4

• Confederate passed first conscription act, created taxes, currency, and had larger beauocracy than DC
• Lincoln said war was preserving the Union, Northern religion and abolitionism was powerful northern motivation
• North had many people, and much greater manufacturing, more textiles, shoes, iron, and guns, north also had double the railroad, and more efficient agriculture, Ulysses Grant - South had good Generals like Lee and Jackson
• 1863 Battle of Vicksburg prevented South from using Mississippi, Battle of Gettysburg was very north and scared many northerners, Sherman took Atlanta in 1864
  -1864 Election which Abraham Lincon won thanks to Atlanta victory
• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation - evtuall had 100k slaves in Us Army, also used to make sure Britain didn’t recognize the confederacy

Question 5

Results of Civil War

Answer 5

• New Tech - rifles and machine guns
• North winning set precedent that SU would become industrial power, and powerful national gov - over 18th century shifted from plural united states to singular
• Abraham Lincon would expand executive powers, ordering blockades and emancipation proclamation
• 1862 Homestead Act gave cheap land if people stayed for 5 years
• Department of Agriculture Created
• Pacific Railway Act of 1862 gave land grants
• first progressive income tax
• large National Debt, Alexander Hamilton Vision came true
• 13th Amendment passed - Slavery Illegal

Question 6

Reconstruction

Answer 6

• Abraham Lincoln wanted reunification, and Andrew Johnson thought South never had right to secede, he was also racist and hated the southern planters
• Johnson called for new gov to be made but looked very similar to prior gov.
• Freedmans Schools under the Bureau but ended in 1870, no land was redistributed, all land was returned to original owners which led to same use and sharecropping
• In 1867 Radical reconstruction began - 1866 Civil rights bill passed said if born in Us then citizen - vetoed by Johnson then overridden
• 14th Amendment - Citizenship, Equal protection, and extends Bill of Rights to all States - passed under house that had none of Johnsons White democrat reps
• 1867 Reconstruction Act which split south in 5 military districts, and had them create new gov which included black men, they also had to ratify the 14th to get in the Union
• Ulysees Grant barely won so 15th Amendment Passed - can’t deny right to vote
• National Gov exercised many powers to give rights
• Southern reconstruction created some segregated schools that where major education, and made functioning gov for blacks and whites

Question 7

Why did Reconstruction End

Answer 7

• Taxes, all the improvements required taxes which Americans don’t like
• Many Southerns became violent with 1866 creation of KKK, and Black codes like grandfather clause, due to intimidation white people began gaining office again
• 1876 Tilden v Hayes, tied with voting problems so committee with more republicans was formed and voted Hays, to make up for this in 1877 the North pulled out of the south, and extend transcontinental railroad through Texas
• This led to Jim Crow Laws