18.4 & 18.5

Question 1

Cell differentiation

Answer 1

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 2

Morphogenesis

Answer 2

The physical processes its shape “creation of form”

Question 3

Cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 3

Maternal substance in the egg that influence the course of early development

Question 4

Induction

Answer 4

A process during which signals (that impinge on an embryonic cell from other embryonic cells in the vicinity) cause changes in the target cells

Question 5

Determination

Answer 5

The events that lead to the observable differentiation in cells

Question 6

Pattern formation

Answer 6

Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to the development of a spatial organisms in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristics places

Question 7

Positional information

Answer 7

Molecular cues that control pattern formation; provided by cytoplasmic determinants & inductive signals

Question 8

Homeotic genes

Answer 8

Genes that control pattern formation in the late embryo, larva, and adult

Question 9

Embryonic lethals

Answer 9

Mutations with phenotypes causing death at the embryonic or larva stage

Question 10

Maternal effect gene

Answer 10

A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless if the offsprings own genotype

Question 11

Egg polarity genes

Answer 11

Synonym for maternal effect genes

Question 12

Morphogens

Answer 12

Substances that form a gradient to establish an embryo’s axes and other features of its form

Question 13

Oncogenes

Answer 13

Cancer causing genes

Question 14

Proto oncogenes

Answer 14

Normal versions of cellular genes that code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

Question 15

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 15

Genes whose normal products inhibit cell division

Question 16

Ras gene

Answer 16

A gene that codes for the ras protein, a g protein that relays a signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membranes

Question 17

p53 gene

Answer 17

A tumor suppressor gene named for the 53,000 dalton molecular weight of its protein product