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Environmental Engineering > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The fraction
of MSW produced in domestic households is called ________.

A

refuse

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2
Q

The components of refuse are _____ or ________ and _______.

A

garbage, food waste, trash

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3
Q

We have observed more than __ human diseases associated with solid waste disposal sites, and there is little doubt that improper solid waste disposal is a health hazard.

A

20

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4
Q

These are the means by which disease organisms are transmitted, and water, air, and food may all be vectors.

A

disease vectors

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5
Q

The two most important disease vectors related to solid wastes are _____ and ______.

A

rats, flies

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6
Q

Flies are such prolific breeders that 70,000 flies can be produced in 1 ft3 of garbage, and carry many diseases like __________.

A

bacillary dysentery

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7
Q

The plagues of the __________ were directly associated with the rat populations.

A

Middle Ages

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8
Q

__________ is also threatened by infiltration of leachate from MSW disposal into groundwater, and particularly into drinking water supplies.

A

Public health

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9
Q

It is formed when rainwater collects in landfills, pits, waste ponds, or waste lagoons, and stays in contact with waste material long enough to leach out and dissolve some of its chemical and biochemical constituents.

A

leachate

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10
Q

It may be a major groundwater and surface water contaminant, particularly where there is heavy rainfall and rapid percolation through the soil.

A

leachate

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11
Q

Techniques the Quantities of MSW generated in a Community may be Estimated

A

input analysis, secondary data analysis, output analysis

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12
Q

This technique estimates MSW based on use of a number of products; highly inaccurate except in small and isolated communities.

A

input analysis

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13
Q

This technique may be used to estimate solid waste production by some empirical relationship; inherently inaccurate and may have no general application.

A

secondary data analysis

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14
Q

This technique is by weighing the refuse dumped at the disposal sites, either with truck scales or with portable wheeled scales.

A

output analysis

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15
Q

Fees for use of the dump which depends on the weight dumped, requiring refuse to be weighed in any case.

A

tipping fees

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16
Q

Daily weight of refuse varies with the _______ and the ______.

A

day of the week, week of the year

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17
Q

Moisture content can vary between _______ that’s why weather conditions also affect refuse weight.

A

15% to 30%

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18
Q

If every truckload cannot be weighed, these are used to estimate the total quantity from sample truckload weights.

A

statistical methods

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19
Q

Characteristics of site and MSW wherein Refuse Management depends

A
  • gross composition
  • moisture content
  • particle size
  • chemical composition
  • density
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20
Q

may be the most important characteristic affecting MSW disposal, or the recovery of materials and energy from refuse

A

gross composition

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21
Q

Refuse composition is expressed either “_________” or “_________,” since moisture transfer takes place during the disposal process and thereby changes the weights of the various fractions of refuse.

A

as generated, as disposed

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22
Q

The moisture content of MSW may vary between 15 and 30%, and is usually about ___.

A

20%

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23
Q

Moisture is measured by drying a sample at ____ (170°F) for 24 hours.

A

77°C

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24
Q

It is particularly important in refuse processing for resource recovery.

A

particle size distribution

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25
Q

It is an expensive part of waste management, and many new devices and methods have been proposed in order to cut costs.

A

collection

26
Q

It reduce the amount of garbage in refuse; are so ubiquitous that in most community’s garbage collection is needed only once a week; put an extra load on the wastewater treatment plant.

A

garbage grinders

27
Q

These have been installed in some small communities, mostly in Sweden and Japan; refuse is ground at the residence and sucked through underground lines.

A

pneumatic pipes

28
Q

It can reduce collection and MSW disposal costs and thus reduce local taxes, but only if every household has one; uses special high-strength bags, so that the operating cost is also a consideration.

A

kitchen garbage compactors

29
Q

These are part of many urban refuse collection systems; located at various points in a city, to which collection trucks bring the refuse.

A

transfer stations

30
Q

These are often provided by the community and are widely used for transfer of refuse from the household to the collection truck.

A

cans on wheels

31
Q

They suffer higher lost-time accident rates than other municipal or industrial workers.

A

garbage collection workers

32
Q

These may result in significant cost saving as well as increased effectiveness.

A

route optimization

33
Q

Route optimization was first addressed by mathematician ______ in ______.

A

Leonard Euler, 1736

34
Q

Where was Leonard Euler asked to design a parade route?

A

city of Konigsberg in East Prussia

35
Q

Only Two Realistic Options for Disposal

A

oceans and on land

36
Q

This term was first used for the method of disposal employed in the burial of waste ammunition and other material after WW2, and the concept of burying refuse was used by several Midwestern communities.

A

sanitary landfill

37
Q

open dump vs sanitary landfills:

simply places to deposit wastes

A

open dumps

38
Q

open dump vs sanitary landfills:

engineered operations

A

sanitary landfills

39
Q

open dump vs sanitary landfills:

designed and operated according to acceptable standards

A

sanitary landfills

40
Q

It is the compaction of refuse in a lined pit and covering of the compacted refuse with an earthen cover.

A

sanitary landfilling

41
Q

The landfill is built up in units called ____.

A

cells

42
Q

The daily cover in landfills is between ___ to ___ inches thick depending on soil composition, and a final cover of at least _____ feet thick is used to close the landfill.

A

6, 12, 2

43
Q

Numerous stages involved in sanitary landfilling operations

A

siting, design, operation, closing

44
Q

It is rapidly becoming the most difficult stage of the process of landfilling since few people wish to have landfills in their neighborhoods.

A

siting of landfills

45
Q

Consideration:

Rapid runoff will lessen mosquito problems, but proximity to streams
or well supplies may result in water pollution.

A

drainage

46
Q

consideration:

It is preferable that the landfill be downwind from any nearby community.

A

wind

47
Q

consideration:

A small site with limited capacity is generally not acceptable since finding a new site entails considerable difficulty.

A

size

48
Q

consideration:

The production of leachate from the landfill is influenced by the weather.

A

rainfall patterns

49
Q

consideration:

Can the soil be excavated and used as cover?

A

soil type

50
Q

consideration:

The bottom of the landfill must be substantially above the highest expected groundwater elevation.

A

depth of the water table

51
Q

consideration:

The landfill must be proximate to wastewater treatment facilities

A

treatment of leachate

52
Q

consideration:

All landfills attract birds to some extent, and are therefore not compatible with airport siting.

A

proximity to airports

53
Q

consideration:

Can the area be used for private or public use after the landfilling operation is complete?

A

ultimate use

54
Q

In the absence of oxygen, __________ steadily degrades the organic material to more stable forms.

A

anaerobic decomposition

55
Q

The liquid produced during decomposition, as well as water that seeps through the groundcover and works its way out of the refuse.

A

leachate

56
Q

The water entering a landfill must equal the water flowing out of the landfill, or leachate.

A

water balance

57
Q

second by-product of a landfill

A

gas

58
Q

stages of gas production in landfills

A
  • aerobic stage
  • anaerobic decomposition stage
  • anaerobic methane production stage
  • steady-state condition stage
59
Q

escape vents; kept lit and the gas is burned off as it is formed

A

tiki torches

60
Q

biological method of waste treatment

A

landfill operation

61
Q

must include methods for the recovery and treatment of the leachate produced by the decomposing refuse, and the venting or use of the landfill gas

A

landfill design

Environmental Engineering (11 decks)

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