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Environmental Engineering > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How deep is the earth’s atmosphere?

A

100 miles deep

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2
Q

air mass percentage within 12 miles of earth’s surface

A

95%

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3
Q

layer of Earth where we have our weather and air pollution problems

A

troposphere

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4
Q

determine how air contaminants are dispersed and move through the troposphere; determine the concentration of a particular pollutant that is breathed or the amount deposited on vegetation

A

weather patterns

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5
Q

called stack sampling when a stationary source is analyzed

A

measurement of emissions

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6
Q

Samples are drawn out through a hole or vent in the stack for
on-the-spot analyses.

A

measurement of emissions

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7
Q

measurement of wind speed, wind direction, lapse rates, etc.; to determine how pollutants travel from source to receipient

A

meteorological measurements

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8
Q

measured by a variety of monitors

A

ambient air quality

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9
Q

almost all evidences of health effects of air pollution are based on correlation of these effects with measured ambient air quality

A

measurement of ambient air quality

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10
Q

often by wet chemistry, in that collected gas is either dissolved into or reacted with a collecting fluid

A

gas measurement

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11
Q

provide continuous readout

A

modem monitors

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12
Q

It is almost instantly translated by a readout device, so that the pollution may be measured while its happening.

A

measurement of pollutant concentrations

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13
Q

operates much like a vacuum cleaner by pumping air at a high rate through a filter

A

hi-vol sampler

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14
Q

Both total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and particles 10μm in diameter or less (PM10) are measured when monitoring _______.

A

ambient air

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15
Q

In a hi-vol sampler, analysis is _________.

A

gravimetric

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16
Q

The filter is weighed before and after the sampling period. The analysis is _________.

A

gravimetric

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17
Q

Air flow through the filter is measured with a _______, usually calibrated in cubic feet of air per minute.

A

flow meter

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18
Q

can be fitted with a variety of filters and used to measure smaller particles and particles of a particular size

A

hi-vol samplers

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19
Q

What does TSP stand for?

A

total suspended particulate matter

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20
Q

The ______ is more stringent than it is for TSP.

A

ambient standard

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21
Q

It may be sued to measure fine particles including respirable particles than 1.0 micrometer in diameter - small enough to penetrate the lung.

A

cascade impactor

22
Q

consists of four tubes, each with a progressively
smaller opening, thus forcing progressively higher throughput velocities

A

cascade impactor

23
Q

Particle-measuring devices are usually fitted with an __________ and _________.

A

automatic computer input, recording arrangement

24
Q

What do you call the hi-vol sampler/computer recorder combination?

A

computer-assisted particle monitor (CAPS)

25
Q

It measures the intensity of light scattered by fine particles in the air, and the scattered light intensity is proportional to the concentration of smoke or very fine particulate matter in the air.

A

nephelometer

26
Q

Fine particles interfere with visibility by scattering light, what do you call this scattering?

A

haze

27
Q

In a nephelometer, the scattered light intensity is measured at a _____ angle from the incident light.

A

90 deg

28
Q

sets certification limits for specific air quality pollutants that a new aircraft engine must comply with to get approval to operate

A

ICAO

29
Q

In the certification limits set by ICAO for specific quality pollutants, the standards cover _______, ______, ______, and ______.

A

hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, smoke emissions

30
Q

The certification test takes place on a test bed where a new engine is run at four different fractions of maximum thrust settings for specified times to simulate the various phases of a standardized ____________.

A

landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle

31
Q

The LTO cycle covers the typical taxi, takeoff, and approach operations of aircraft _______ because emissions below this altitude are thought to be the primary contributors to surface air quality impacts.

A

below 3000 ft

32
Q

Research suggests that aircraft emissions from flight phases ________ may constitute a substantial portion of the total air quality health impacts of aviation and this may influence how air quality certification standards are defined in the future.

A

above 3000 ft

33
Q

Since air quality certification criteria first came into effect, the stringency of nitrogen oxide standards has reduced those emissions from new engines by around ____ and further reductions are expected in the coming years.

A

40%

34
Q

specify acceptable levels of different “criteria pollutants” that are considered harmful to public
health and the environment

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

35
Q

district meeting-acceptable levels of a given pollutant

A

attainment area

36
Q

district not meeting-acceptable levels of a given pollutant and require special efforts to become compliant

A

nonattainment areas

37
Q

largest components of engine emissions by mass but are not a concern from an air quality perspective

A

carbon dioxide (70%) and water vapor (29%)

38
Q

includes primary nonvolatile soot emitted from the engine as a by-product of jet fuel combustion and secondary aerosols which form later in the exhaust plume through physical
and chemical processes in the atmosphere

A

particulate matter (PM) or smoke

39
Q

form from jet fuel combustion

A

nitrogen oxides

40
Q

CmHn compounds arising from incomplete combustion of fuel

A

unburned hydrocarbons (UHC)/volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

41
Q

secondary formation from NO, and UHCs

A

Ozone (O3)

42
Q

from sulfur in fuel

A

Sulfur oxides (SOx)

43
Q

from incomplete combustion of fuel

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

44
Q

Air quality impacts can be monetized using ________, ______, and _____ parameters that are often recommended by appropriate agencies.

A

value of a statistical life (VSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP), cost-of-illness (COI)

45
Q

effective at reducing air quality impacts of aviation

A

operational mitigations

46
Q

Airports can uses these to encourage operators to fly cleaner aircraft.

A

emissions charges

47
Q

What does CAEP stand for?

A

Committee for Aviation Environmental Protection

48
Q

Airports can make their own vehicles cleaner from an air quality perspective by using electric or lower impact fuels such as _________.

A

compressed natural gas (CNG)

49
Q

emission sources from incomplete combustion of fuel

A

carbon monoxide

50
Q

are air quality emission sources that includes primary nonvolatile soot emitted from the engine as a by-product of jet fuel combustion and secondary aerosols which form later in the exhaust plume through physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere

A

particulate matter

51
Q

is an air pollutant that has an health effect of Eye & Respiratory tract infections with Headaches/Dizziness/Memory impairment if taken in constant concentration

A

unburned hydrocarbons

52
Q

can cause lung irritation & lower resistance to respiratory inspections

A

nitrogen oxides

Environmental Engineering (11 decks)

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