15: Social Groups Flashcards
Group
A collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common
Need to Belong
A universal and innate tendency for humans to form and maintain stable, strong and positive relationships with others
Entitativity
The extent to which a group of individuals are perceived to be cohesive, interconnected, similar, interactive and sharing common goals
Discrimination
Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership
In-Group
A human category of which a person is a member
Out-Group
A human category of which a person is not a member
Individualistic
Where success and responsibility are focused on individual achievement
Collectivistic
Where success and responsibility are seen as a reflection of group effort
Categorisation
The process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli
Stereotyping
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
Perceptual Confirmation
The tendency for observers to perceive what they expect to perceive
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive
Prejudice
A negative evaluation of, and attitude towards, individuals based on negative group stereotypes
Social Dominance Orientation
A preference for hierarchical relations between groups, with one’s own group being the most dominant
Social Facilitation
Improved individual performance in the company of others
Social Inhibition
Where the presence of others inhibits or impairs performance
Spotlight Effect
People’s overestimation of the amount of attention others are paying to them
Dominant Response
The thing you are most inclined to do
Evaluation Apprehension
Performance is affected by how people think they are being judged
Social Loafing
People expend less effort when working in a group than when working alone
Emergent Property
Patterns that only arise out of the interaction of many elements
Antinormative Behaviour
Activities that are transgressions of general social norms
Deindividuation
A perceived loss of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation
Groupthink
People set aside individual opinions and doubts in favour of achieving a group consensus
Group Polarisation
Attitudes and decisions tend to become more extreme than those held and made by individuals
Social Influence
The control of one person’s behaviour by another
Norms
Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
Normative Influence
One person’s behaviour is influenced by another person’s behaviour because the latter provides information about what is appropriate
Norm of Reciprocity
The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
Door-In-The-Face Technique
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behaviour
Informational Influence
A person’s behaviour is influenced by another person’s behaviour because the latter provides information about what is good or true
Conformity
The tenancy to do what others do simple because others are doing it
Obedience
The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it
Attitude
A positive or negative evaluation of an object or event
Belief
An assumed knowledge about an object or event that is not proven
Persuasion
A person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
Systematic Persuasion
A change in attitudes or beliefs brought about by appeals to reason
Heuristic Persuasion
A change in attitudes or beliefs brought about by appeals to habit or emotion
Foot-In-The-Door Technique
A strategy that uses a person’s desire for consistency to influence that person’s behaviour
Cognitive Dissonance
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognises the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes or beliefs
