15: Social Groups

Question 1

Group

Answer 1

A collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common

Question 2

Need to Belong

Answer 2

A universal and innate tendency for humans to form and maintain stable, strong and positive relationships with others

Question 3

Entitativity

Answer 3

The extent to which a group of individuals are perceived to be cohesive, interconnected, similar, interactive and sharing common goals

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership

Question 5

In-Group

Answer 5

A human category of which a person is a member

Question 6

Out-Group

Answer 6

A human category of which a person is not a member

Question 7

Individualistic

Answer 7

Where success and responsibility are focused on individual achievement

Question 8

Collectivistic

Answer 8

Where success and responsibility are seen as a reflection of group effort

Question 9

Categorisation

Answer 9

The process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli

Question 10

Stereotyping

Answer 10

The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

Question 11

Perceptual Confirmation

Answer 11

The tendency for observers to perceive what they expect to perceive

Question 12

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 12

A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive

Question 13

Prejudice

Answer 13

A negative evaluation of, and attitude towards, individuals based on negative group stereotypes

Question 14

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 14

A preference for hierarchical relations between groups, with one’s own group being the most dominant

Question 15

Social Facilitation

Answer 15

Improved individual performance in the company of others

Question 16

Social Inhibition

Answer 16

Where the presence of others inhibits or impairs performance

Question 17

Spotlight Effect

Answer 17

People’s overestimation of the amount of attention others are paying to them

Question 18

Dominant Response

Answer 18

The thing you are most inclined to do

Question 19

Evaluation Apprehension

Answer 19

Performance is affected by how people think they are being judged

Question 20

Social Loafing

Answer 20

People expend less effort when working in a group than when working alone

Question 21

Emergent Property

Answer 21

Patterns that only arise out of the interaction of many elements

Question 22

Antinormative Behaviour

Answer 22

Activities that are transgressions of general social norms

Question 23

Deindividuation

Answer 23

A perceived loss of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation

Question 24

Groupthink

Answer 24

People set aside individual opinions and doubts in favour of achieving a group consensus

Question 25

Group Polarisation

Answer 25

Attitudes and decisions tend to become more extreme than those held and made by individuals

Question 26

Social Influence

Answer 26

The control of one person's behaviour by another

Question 27

Norms

Answer 27

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

Question 28

Normative Influence

Answer 28

One person's behaviour is influenced by another person's behaviour because the latter provides information about what is appropriate

Question 29

Norm of Reciprocity

Answer 29

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Question 30

Door-In-The-Face Technique

Answer 30

A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behaviour

Question 31

Informational Influence

Answer 31

A person's behaviour is influenced by another person's behaviour because the latter provides information about what is good or true

Question 32

Conformity

Answer 32

The tenancy to do what others do simple because others are doing it

Question 33

Obedience

Answer 33

The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it

Question 34

Attitude

Answer 34

A positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Question 35

Belief

Answer 35

An assumed knowledge about an object or event that is not proven

Question 36

Persuasion

Answer 36

A person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Question 37

Systematic Persuasion

Answer 37

A change in attitudes or beliefs brought about by appeals to reason

Question 38

Heuristic Persuasion

Answer 38

A change in attitudes or beliefs brought about by appeals to habit or emotion

Question 39

Foot-In-The-Door Technique

Answer 39

A strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behaviour

Question 40

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 40

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognises the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes or beliefs