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Psychology > 13: Personality > Flashcards

13: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling

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2
Q

Self-Report

A

A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behaviour or mental state

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3
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

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4
Q

Trait

A

A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

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5
Q

Oblique Factors

A

Items that correlate with each other

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6
Q

Orthogonal Factors

A

Items that are uncorrelated

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7
Q

Big Five

A

The traits of the five-factor model:

  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extroversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
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8
Q

Subjective Wellbeing (SWB)

A

An individual’s evaluation of their own life in terms of how satisfied they are and how they feel about their life

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9
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings and desires, largely operating outside awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders

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10
Q

Id

A

The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

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11
Q

Ego

A

The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands

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12
Q

Superego

A

The mental system that reflects the internalisation of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

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13
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

The psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse

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14
Q

Reality Principle

A

The regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world

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15
Q

Defence Mechanism

A

Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

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16
Q

Rationalisation

A

A defence mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behaviour to conceal (mostly from oneself) one’s underlying motives or feelings

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17
Q

Reaction Formation

A

A defence mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite

18
Q

Projection

A

A defence mechanism that involves attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives or impulses to another person or group

19
Q

Regression

A

A defence mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behaviour or earlier stage of development, a time when things felt safer and more secure

20
Q

Displacement

A

A defence mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative

21
Q

Identification

A

A defence mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope

22
Q

Sublimation

A

A defence mechanism that involves channelling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

23
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and carers redirect or interfere with those pleasures

24
Q

Fixation

A

A phenomenon in which a person’s pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage

25
Q

Oral Stage

A

The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centres on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed

26
Q

Anal Stage

A

The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and exclusion of faeces and urine, and toilet training

27
Q

Phallic Stage

A

The third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominate by the pleasure, conflict and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy and conflict

28
Q

Oedipus Conflict

A

A developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings towards the opposite-sex parent are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent

29
Q

Latency Stage

A

The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus stage is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal and athletic skills

30
Q

Genital Stage

A

The final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

31
Q

Self-Actualising Tendency

A

The human motive towards realising our inner potential

32
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance towards another person

33
Q

Existential Approach

A

A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

34
Q

Social Cognitive Approach

A

Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

35
Q

Person-Situation Controversy

A

The question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or situational factors

36
Q

Personal Constructs

A

Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

37
Q

Outcome Expectancies

A

A person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour

38
Q

Locus of Control

A

A person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

39
Q

Self-Verification

A

The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

40
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

People’s tendency to take credit for their successes by downplay responsibility for their failures

41
Q

Narcissism

A

A trait the reflects a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

Psychology (8 decks)

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