12: Social Development

Question 1

Feral Children

Answer 1

Children raised in isolation from society

Question 2

Imprinting

Answer 2

A process where the hatchlings bond to their mother at first sight and then follow her about everywhere

Question 3

Conspec

Answer 3

A system that orients the infant towards face-like structures and is supported by mature subcortical brain mechanisms, present at birth

Question 4

Conlearn

Answer 4

A system largely supported by maturing cortical brain mechanisms that learns about specific faces

Question 5

Babyness

Answer 5

A term coined by Lorenz (1943) to describe the relativeness attractiveness of big eyes and big heads

Question 6

Joint Attention

Answer 6

The capacity to coordinate the social interaction with attention direction towards objects of mutual interest

Question 7

Social Smiling

Answer 7

Smiles directed towards people

Question 8

Contingent Behaviour

Answer 8

Synchronised responding

Question 9

Dyadic Relationship

Answer 9

Where the focus of interest is between two individuals

Question 10

Triadic Relationship

Answer 10

Where attention is directed between two individuals and a third potential source

Question 11

Social Referencing

Answer 11

Looking at carers to gauge their reactions in unfamiliar or threatening circumstances

Question 12

Protoimperative Pointing

Answer 12

To direct another’s attention to obtain a particular goal

Question 13

Protodeclarative Pointing

Answer 13

To direct another’s attention to an object or event of interest

Question 14

Attachment

Answer 14

An emotional bond

Question 15

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 15

A fearful response associated with crying and attempts to cling or move closer to the carer

Question 16

Strange Situation

Answer 16

A behavioural test to determine a child’s attachment style

Question 17

Attachment Objects

Answer 17

Blankets and soft toys that children are emotionally attached to and use for reassurance

Question 18

Parental Sensitivity

Answer 18

Consistent attentiveness to the infant’s emotional well-being

Question 19

Internal Working Model

Answer 19

A set of expectations about how the primary carer will response when the child feels insecure

Question 20

Temperament

Answer 20

A characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity

Question 21

Behavioural Inhibition

Answer 21

The tendency towards shyness and fear of novelty

Question 22

Goodness of Fit

Answer 22

The extent to which the child’s environment is compatible with their temperament

Question 23

Agent

Answer 23

A being the operates purposefully with intention to achieve outcomes in the world

Question 24

Social Cognition

Answer 24

The processes by which people come to understand others

Question 25

Pedagogy

Answer 25

The transfer of knowledge primarily for the purpose of teaching

Question 26

Motherese

Answer 26

That high-pitched, musical voice that adults make when communicating with infants

Question 27

Metarepresentation

Answer 27

Thinking about thoughts

Question 28

Mental Perspective Taking

Answer 28

Thinking about what goes on in other people’s mind

Question 29

Egocentrism

Answer 29

The tendency to adopt a self-centred viewpoint

Question 30

False Belief

Answer 30

A mental state of presumed truth that turns out to be incorrect

Question 31

Theory of Mind

Answer 31

The understanding that human behaviour is guided by beliefs that may or may not be true

Question 32

Autism

Answer 32

A complex neurodevelopment disorder characterised by three primary features:

1. Abnormal communication
2. Stereotyped behaviours
3. Impaired social interaction

Question 33

Self-Concepts

Answer 33

Thoughts we have about our bodies, our personality, our relationships and our beliefs

Question 34

Self-Esteem

Answer 34

The sense of self-worth

Question 35

Self-Control

Answer 35

The general capacity to regulate thoughts and behaviours in the face of conflict

Question 36

Gender

Answer 36

The set of characteristics that distinguish between males and females

Question 37

Systemising

Answer 37

Analysing tasks in terms of systems and patterns

Question 38

Empathising

Answer 38

Identifying another person’s emotions and thoughts

Question 39

Sociodramatic Play

Answer 39

Games involving fantasy role-playing

Question 40

Morality

Answer 40

The rules that govern the right and wrong of how we should behave and treat others

Question 41

Prosocial Behaviours

Answer 41

Voluntary acts that are intended to help others, such as giving, sharing, cooperating and protecting, which may have some potential benefit to the prosocial individual

Question 42

Altruism

Answer 42

A specific prosocial behaviour that helps others but without any necessary expectation of reciprocal benefit

Question 43

Vicarious Punishment

Answer 43

The tendency not to repeat behaviours that we observe others being punished for performing

Question 44

Preconventional Stage

Answer 44

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 45

Conventional Stage

Answer 45

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 46

Postconventional Stage

Answer 46

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values