12: Social Development Flashcards
Feral Children
Children raised in isolation from society
Imprinting
A process where the hatchlings bond to their mother at first sight and then follow her about everywhere
Conspec
A system that orients the infant towards face-like structures and is supported by mature subcortical brain mechanisms, present at birth
Conlearn
A system largely supported by maturing cortical brain mechanisms that learns about specific faces
Babyness
A term coined by Lorenz (1943) to describe the relativeness attractiveness of big eyes and big heads
Joint Attention
The capacity to coordinate the social interaction with attention direction towards objects of mutual interest
Social Smiling
Smiles directed towards people
Contingent Behaviour
Synchronised responding
Dyadic Relationship
Where the focus of interest is between two individuals
Triadic Relationship
Where attention is directed between two individuals and a third potential source
Social Referencing
Looking at carers to gauge their reactions in unfamiliar or threatening circumstances
Protoimperative Pointing
To direct another’s attention to obtain a particular goal
Protodeclarative Pointing
To direct another’s attention to an object or event of interest
Attachment
An emotional bond
Stranger Anxiety
A fearful response associated with crying and attempts to cling or move closer to the carer
Strange Situation
A behavioural test to determine a child’s attachment style
Attachment Objects
Blankets and soft toys that children are emotionally attached to and use for reassurance
Parental Sensitivity
Consistent attentiveness to the infant’s emotional well-being
Internal Working Model
A set of expectations about how the primary carer will response when the child feels insecure
Temperament
A characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity
Behavioural Inhibition
The tendency towards shyness and fear of novelty
Goodness of Fit
The extent to which the child’s environment is compatible with their temperament
Agent
A being the operates purposefully with intention to achieve outcomes in the world
Social Cognition
The processes by which people come to understand others
Pedagogy
The transfer of knowledge primarily for the purpose of teaching
Motherese
That high-pitched, musical voice that adults make when communicating with infants
Metarepresentation
Thinking about thoughts
Mental Perspective Taking
Thinking about what goes on in other people’s mind
Egocentrism
The tendency to adopt a self-centred viewpoint
False Belief
A mental state of presumed truth that turns out to be incorrect
Theory of Mind
The understanding that human behaviour is guided by beliefs that may or may not be true
Autism
A complex neurodevelopment disorder characterised by three primary features:
- Abnormal communication
- Stereotyped behaviours
- Impaired social interaction
Self-Concepts
Thoughts we have about our bodies, our personality, our relationships and our beliefs
Self-Esteem
The sense of self-worth
Self-Control
The general capacity to regulate thoughts and behaviours in the face of conflict
Gender
The set of characteristics that distinguish between males and females
Systemising
Analysing tasks in terms of systems and patterns
Empathising
Identifying another person’s emotions and thoughts
Sociodramatic Play
Games involving fantasy role-playing
Morality
The rules that govern the right and wrong of how we should behave and treat others
Prosocial Behaviours
Voluntary acts that are intended to help others, such as giving, sharing, cooperating and protecting, which may have some potential benefit to the prosocial individual
Altruism
A specific prosocial behaviour that helps others but without any necessary expectation of reciprocal benefit
Vicarious Punishment
The tendency not to repeat behaviours that we observe others being punished for performing
Preconventional Stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
Conventional Stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Postconventional Stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
