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Psychology > 11: Cognitive Development > Flashcards

11: Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Newborns

A

Newly born infants

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2
Q

Infancy

A

The period from birth up to around about the second year of life

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3
Q

Childhood

A

The stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and last until adolescence

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4
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11-14 years of age) and last until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

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5
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of continuity and change across the life span

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6
Q

Nature Versus Nurture

A

The naive distinction about whether development is genetically determined or dependent on the environment

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7
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Where scientists set out to identify all the human genes

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8
Q

Canalization

A

The idea of development as constrained epigenesis

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9
Q

Prenatal Size

A

Ends with birth, but it begins at conception

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10
Q

Zygote

A

A single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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11
Q

Germinal Stage

A

The two-week period that begins at conception

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12
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Period that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week

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13
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cluster ball of embryonic cells

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14
Q

Embryonic Disk

A

Three-layered flattened surface that emerges from the blastocyst

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15
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the internal organs

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the skin and nervous system

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18
Q

Fetal Stage

A

The period that lasts from the ninth week until birth

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19
Q

Neural Tube

A

The cylindrical structure of the embryonic central nervous system

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20
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of neural cells

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21
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development

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22
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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23
Q

Prosody

A

The rhythm of speech

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24
Q

Generative Processes

A

Those that lead to the formation of new structures

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25
Q

Arborization

A

Process where the cell axon lengthens and grows increasing dendritic branches

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26
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The increase in the number of synaptic junctions where cells communication through the activity of neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Myelination

A

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell

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28
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

The process where synaptic connections die off

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29
Q

Plasticity

A

The capacity for the brain to be moulded by experience

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30
Q

Experience-Expectant Plasticity

A

Much of the neural organisation is largely pre-specified, waiting for input from the environment

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31
Q

Experience-Dependant Plasticity

A

Much of the neural organisation is not pre-specified and depends on input from the environment

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32
Q

Sensitive Periods of Development

A

Relatively specific times when appropriate environmental input is expected

33
Q

Quantitative Change

A

The amount of quantity of change

34
Q

Qualitative Change

A

The type of quality of change

35
Q

Milestone

A

An important demarcating event on the path of development

36
Q

Stage Theories

A

Theories that advocate development as a fundamental reorganisation of the underlying mechanisms

37
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Experimental designs based on a representative sample of children who are then studied repeatedly over time

38
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Experimental designs based on groups of children who represent a cross-section of the population

39
Q

Repeated Measure

A

Several data points are collected from the same individual

40
Q

Cohort Bias

A

Anomalies that are predominant in one group that distort comparison between groups

41
Q

Clinical Method of Studying Children

A

Manipulating the situation to see how the child’s behaviour changes in a reliable manner

42
Q

Visual Preference Paradigm

A

Technique that uses difference in duration of looking to infer pattern discrimination

43
Q

Preference for Novelty Paradigm

A

Following habituation, organisms prefer to attend to novel stimulation

44
Q

Violation of Expectancy Paradigm (VOE)

A

Where the anticipated outcome is deliberately contravened

45
Q

Structured Interview

A

A consistent set of questions about a topic under consideration

46
Q

Visual Acuity

A

The level of finest visual detail that can be resolved

47
Q

Visual Scanning

A

The ability to selectively move one’s eyes around the environment

48
Q

Visual Contrast

A

Areas of greatest brightness relative to darkness

49
Q

Mental Representations

A

Patterns of neuronal activity that refer to aspects of the external worlds

50
Q

Crossmodal Perception

A

The capacity to detect correspondences of different features in the world from different sensory modalities

51
Q

Motor Development

A

The emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such as reaching, grasping, crawling and walking

52
Q

Reflexes

A

Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

53
Q

Stereopsis

A

The perception of depth by combining the images from each eye

54
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A platform with a shallow drop on one side and a steep cliff on the other

55
Q

Universal

A

Every child in every culture goes through the same stages

56
Q

Invariant

A

Every child goes through the same sequence in the same order at roughly the same time

57
Q

Maturation

A

Biologically constrained change

58
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy

59
Q

Assimilation

A

When infants apply their schemas in novel situations

60
Q

Accommodation

A

When infants revise their schemas in light of new information

61
Q

Object Permanence

A

The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

62
Q

Limited Competence

A

An inability to understand what needs to be done to solve the task

63
Q

Limited Performance

A

An inability to execute the necessary actions to solve the task

64
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years

65
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years

66
Q

Conservation

A

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

67
Q

Appearance-Reality Distinction

A

The appreciation that looks can be deceiving

68
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

The stage of development that beings around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood

69
Q

Executive Functions

A

Mental operations that enable use to coordinate our thoughts and behaviours

70
Q

Inhibition

A

The ability to suppress intrusive thoughts and behaviours

71
Q

Deferred Imitation Paradigm

A

Where the infant imitates an event demonstrated some time earlier

72
Q

Causal Reasoning

A

When we infer that events happening close together in time and space are linked in some causal way

73
Q

Intuitive Theories

A

Rudimentary frameworks that are not explicitly taught and explain related aspects of the world

74
Q

Psychological Essentialism

A

The belief that things in nature, and in particular living things, are what they are because of some inner property or essence

75
Q

Puberty

A

Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

76
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

77
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but are not directly involved in reproduction

78
Q

Adulthood

A

The stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death

Psychology (8 decks)

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