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Psychology > 11: Cognitive Development > Flashcards

11: Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Newborns

A

Newly born infants

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2
Q

Infancy

A

The period from birth up to around about the second year of life

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3
Q

Childhood

A

The stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and last until adolescence

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4
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11-14 years of age) and last until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

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5
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of continuity and change across the life span

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6
Q

Nature Versus Nurture

A

The naive distinction about whether development is genetically determined or dependent on the environment

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7
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Where scientists set out to identify all the human genes

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8
Q

Canalization

A

The idea of development as constrained epigenesis

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9
Q

Prenatal Size

A

Ends with birth, but it begins at conception

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10
Q

Zygote

A

A single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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11
Q

Germinal Stage

A

The two-week period that begins at conception

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12
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Period that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week

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13
Q

Blastocyst

A

Cluster ball of embryonic cells

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14
Q

Embryonic Disk

A

Three-layered flattened surface that emerges from the blastocyst

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15
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the internal organs

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic disk layer that goes on to form the skin and nervous system

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18
Q

Fetal Stage

A

The period that lasts from the ninth week until birth

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19
Q

Neural Tube

A

The cylindrical structure of the embryonic central nervous system

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20
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of neural cells

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21
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development

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22
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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23
Q

Prosody

A

The rhythm of speech

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24
Q

Generative Processes

A

Those that lead to the formation of new structures

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25
Arborization
Process where the cell axon lengthens and grows increasing dendritic branches
26
Synaptogenesis
The increase in the number of synaptic junctions where cells communication through the activity of neurotransmitters
27
Myelination
The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell
28
Synaptic Pruning
The process where synaptic connections die off
29
Plasticity
The capacity for the brain to be moulded by experience
30
Experience-Expectant Plasticity
Much of the neural organisation is largely pre-specified, waiting for input from the environment
31
Experience-Dependant Plasticity
Much of the neural organisation is not pre-specified and depends on input from the environment
32
Sensitive Periods of Development
Relatively specific times when appropriate environmental input is expected
33
Quantitative Change
The amount of quantity of change
34
Qualitative Change
The type of quality of change
35
Milestone
An important demarcating event on the path of development
36
Stage Theories
Theories that advocate development as a fundamental reorganisation of the underlying mechanisms
37
Longitudinal Research
Experimental designs based on a representative sample of children who are then studied repeatedly over time
38
Cross-Sectional Research
Experimental designs based on groups of children who represent a cross-section of the population
39
Repeated Measure
Several data points are collected from the same individual
40
Cohort Bias
Anomalies that are predominant in one group that distort comparison between groups
41
Clinical Method of Studying Children
Manipulating the situation to see how the child's behaviour changes in a reliable manner
42
Visual Preference Paradigm
Technique that uses difference in duration of looking to infer pattern discrimination
43
Preference for Novelty Paradigm
Following habituation, organisms prefer to attend to novel stimulation
44
Violation of Expectancy Paradigm (VOE)
Where the anticipated outcome is deliberately contravened
45
Structured Interview
A consistent set of questions about a topic under consideration
46
Visual Acuity
The level of finest visual detail that can be resolved
47
Visual Scanning
The ability to selectively move one's eyes around the environment
48
Visual Contrast
Areas of greatest brightness relative to darkness
49
Mental Representations
Patterns of neuronal activity that refer to aspects of the external worlds
50
Crossmodal Perception
The capacity to detect correspondences of different features in the world from different sensory modalities
51
Motor Development
The emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such as reaching, grasping, crawling and walking
52
Reflexes
Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
53
Stereopsis
The perception of depth by combining the images from each eye
54
Visual Cliff
A platform with a shallow drop on one side and a steep cliff on the other
55
Universal
Every child in every culture goes through the same stages
56
Invariant
Every child goes through the same sequence in the same order at roughly the same time
57
Maturation
Biologically constrained change
58
Sensorimotor Stage
A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy
59
Assimilation
When infants apply their schemas in novel situations
60
Accommodation
When infants revise their schemas in light of new information
61
Object Permanence
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
62
Limited Competence
An inability to understand what needs to be done to solve the task
63
Limited Performance
An inability to execute the necessary actions to solve the task
64
Preoperational Stage
Stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years
65
Concrete Operational Stage
Stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years
66
Conservation
The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
67
Appearance-Reality Distinction
The appreciation that looks can be deceiving
68
Formal Operational Stage
The stage of development that beings around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood
69
Executive Functions
Mental operations that enable use to coordinate our thoughts and behaviours
70
Inhibition
The ability to suppress intrusive thoughts and behaviours
71
Deferred Imitation Paradigm
Where the infant imitates an event demonstrated some time earlier
72
Causal Reasoning
When we infer that events happening close together in time and space are linked in some causal way
73
Intuitive Theories
Rudimentary frameworks that are not explicitly taught and explain related aspects of the world
74
Psychological Essentialism
The belief that things in nature, and in particular living things, are what they are because of some inner property or essence
75
Puberty
Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
76
Primary Sex Characteristics
Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction
77
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but are not directly involved in reproduction
78
Adulthood
The stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death

Psychology (8 decks)

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