1.5 - Ethics in Health Care

Question 0

Which of the following is true about moral standards?

a. It is based on subjective considerations.
b. It can be changed by the decision of particular authoritative bodies.
c. It is preferred to other values including self-interest.
d. B and C

Answer 0

c. It is preferred to other values including self-interest.

Question 1

The first stage of Kohlberg’s pre-conventional stage of theory of moral reasoning emphasizes on:

Answer 1

Reward and Punishment

Question 2

Stage 2 of the pre-conventional stage focuses on:

Answer 2

Individualism and exchange

Question 3

The conventional stage begins at what age?

a. 3 years
b. 7 years
c. 12 years
d. 15 years

Answer 3

b. 7 years

Question 4

“It is acceptable for Heinz to steal the drug because he was trying to save his wife.” is under what stage of moral reasoning?

a. pre-conventional
b. conventional
c. post-conventional
d. none of the above

Answer 4

b. conventional

Question 5

The pre-conventional stage focuses on ________ while the conventional stage focuses on _________.

Answer 5

self, others

Question 6

The respect for law and order in under what stage of moral reasoning?

Answer 6

Stage 4, conventional stage

Question 7

Post-conventional stage starts at age:

a. 8
b. 12
c. 18
d. 21

Answer 7

b. 12

Question 8

Recognition of universal values is typical of what stage of moral reasoning?

Answer 8

Stage 6 (post-conventional)

Question 9

When you begin to recognize that values and norms are relative, and that there are grays areas and that morality is not black and white, you are at what stage of moral reasoning?

Answer 9

Stage 5 (post-conventional)

Question 10

True or False: In the post-conventional stage, if there is conflict between universal principles and the social contract, the principles take a backseat.

Answer 10

False.

Question 11

A type of moral philosophy that is based on the benefits and cost imposed on society.

Answer 11

Utilitarianism

Question 12

What two principles govern the categorical imperative?

Answer 12

Principle of Universality and Principle of Humanity

Question 13

True or False: Kantian ethics is derived from Kant’s emphasis on rationality or reason.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

A rigid follower of Kantian ethics would:

a. lie if it means benefiting from it
b. lie if and only if it means saving a life
c. not lie no matter what the situation is
d. A and B

Answer 14

c. not lie no matter what the situation is

Question 15

Which of the following is an application of utilitarianism?

a. China’s one-child policy
b. Abortion as a solution to unwanted pregnancy
c. Imitation of the lives of national heroes and saints
d. A and B

Answer 15

d. A and B

Question 16

Which of the following is a criticism of virtue ethics?

a. It can degenerate into favoritism.
b. It does not take into account the intentions or character of the decision-maker.
c. It is too rigid.
d. It does not provide specific directions for decision-making.

Answer 16

d. It does not provide specific directions for decision-making.

Question 17

Who is the main proponent of the ethics of care?

Answer 17

Carol Gilligan

Question 18

It is based on the communitarian framework that action should emanate particular care of relationships.

Answer 18

Ethics of care

Question 19

What are the five central values of ethics of care?

Answer 19

Moral attention
Sympathetic understanding
Relationship awareness
Accomodation
Response

Question 20

Utilitarianism is ________, while ethics of care is ___________.

a. impartial, partial
b. complex, simple
c. partial, impartial
d. rigid, flexible

Answer 20

a. impartial, partial

Question 21

True or False: Christian ethics has a narrower definition of neighbor compared to ethics of care.

Answer 21

False.

Question 22

True or False: Kantian ethics is less rigid than Christian ethics.

Answer 22

False.

Question 23

What is the ultimate goal of virtue ethics?

Answer 23

Self-actualization

Question 24

What are the four principles of ethics?

Answer 24

Nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, justice

Question 25

This is the type of justice the governs ethics.

Answer 25

Distributive justice

Question 26

A type of justice that imposes punishments and penalties upon those who do wrong.

Answer 26

Retributive

Question 27

Autonomy is present if the person has ________ and ________.

Answer 27

Liberty, agency

Question 28

If a person is free from controlling influences, he has:

a. liberty
b. agency
c. utility
d. none of the above

Answer 28

a. liberty

Question 29

What is considered good in the utilitarian framework?

Answer 29

Happiness or pleasure

Question 30

Which of the following is not included in the UNESCO model for decision-making?

a. fact deliberation
b. value deliberation
c. duty deliberation
d. none of the above

Answer 30

d. none of the above

Question 31

What is the first step in the Angeles model for ethical reasoning?

Answer 31

Gather the facts

Question 32

When you enumerate values involved and weigh their importance to you, you are performing:

Answer 32

Value deliberation

Question 33

It refers to capacity for intentional action.

Answer 33

Agency

Question 34

True or False: Nonmaleficence is prioritized over beneficence.

Answer 34

True.

Question 35

True or False: There is a common ground for the five ethical frameworks.

Answer 35

True (four ethical principles)