15. Cultural Variations In Attachment AO1

Question 1

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg look at?

Answer 1

The proportions of secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant attachment across a range of countries

Question 2

What else did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg look at?

Answer 2

They also looked at differences within the same countries to get an idea of variations within a culture

Question 3

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg find out in their procedure?

Answer 3

They found 32 studies of attachment where strange situation had been used, conducted across 8 countries

Question 4

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg do with the data?

Answer 4

Data was meta-analysed –> results being combined and weighed for sample size

Question 5

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg find?

Answer 5

Secure attachment was the most common classification in all countries but it range from 50% in China to 75% in Britain

Question 6

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg find about individualist cultures?

Answer 6

Rates of insecure resistant attachment were similar to Ainsworth’s original sample (all under 14%)

Question 7

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg find about collectivist cultures?

Answer 7

The same was not true as in individualist cultures and samples from China, Japan and israel showed rates above 25%

Question 8

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg’s research into individualist and collecting cultures suggest?

Answer 8

That there are cultural differences in the distribution of insecure attachment

Question 9

What did Van Ijzemdoorn and Kroonenberg find about variations within the same country?

Answer 9

Variations between results of studies within the same country but actually 150% greater than those between countries

Question 10

Name a second study of cultural variations in attachment

Answer 10

Simonelli et al

Question 11

What did Simonelli et al do

Answer 11

Assessed 76 12 month olds in Italy

Question 12

How did Simonelli et al carry out their assessments

Answer 12

Using strange situation - to see whether proportion of attachment types matched previous studies in Italy

Question 13

Outline Simonelli et al’s participants

Answer 13

Mothers reasonably varied on levels of education and professions

Question 14

What did Simonelli et al find

Answer 14

50% secure

36% insecure-avoidant

Question 15

What was different about Simonelli et al’s study compared to other attachment studies

Answer 15

lower rate of secure attachment

Question 16

What did researchers suggest about lower rate of secure attachment ‘s findings

Answer 16

May be due to increasing numbers of mothers working long hours - using childcare

Question 17

What can be concluded from Simonelli et al’s findings

Answer 17

Cultural changes can make dramatic differences in patterns of attachment.