- primary infection (within 1 month of contracting virus) - clinical latency (no sxs) - symptomatic disease (AIDS)

- blood - semen - vaginal secretions - breast milk - transplanted organs

- men: painful urination and discharge - women: none or sxs of PID

15. Communicable Diseases Flashcards by Jennifer Simpson

3 stages of HIV

primary infection (within 1 month of contracting virus)
clinical latency (no sxs)
symptomatic disease (AIDS)

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what has greatly increased survival time of person w/ HIV/AIDS

use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

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2 complications of AIDS

CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200

- AIDS-related opportunistic infections

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transmission of HIV

blood
semen
vaginal secretions
breast milk
transplanted organs

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T/F: a person is not accepted to donate blood if they have a hx of behaviors that puts them at high risk of HIV

True

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What part of the world accounts for more than 70% of all HIV cases

sub-saharan Africa

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What testing is done for HIV

HIV antibody test
western blot (confirmatory test)
rapid HIV antibody testing (oral sample, 99% accurate, results in 20 minutes)

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what accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children

perinatal transmission (during pregnancy, labor/delivery, or breastfeeding)

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prevention of HIV in children

HIV testing part of prenatal care (mandatory in IL)

- use HAART during pregnancy

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T/F: all children will develop HIV if their mother has it during pregnancy

False

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What is critical at the AIDS stage of HIV

adherence to HAART

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care of HIV-infected children

impaired immunity to childhood diseases

- should still attend school

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What is PrEP?

pre-exposure prophylaxis; once a day pill taken to prevent HIV

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Who is PrEP recommended to?

if sexually active w/ HIV+ partner
sexually active with men who have sex w/ men (#1 risk factor), more than one partner, or your partner has more than one partner
not using condoms
IV drug user who shares needles or other equipment

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gonorrhea is frequently seen in conjunction with what other STI

chlamydia

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sxs of gonorrhea

men: painful urination and discharge

- women: none or sxs of PID

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nursing roles in gonorrhea

refer partners of last 60 days

- educate pt and partner to take meds, complete abx therapy, and return is sxs persist

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T/F: number of antibiotic-resistant cases of gonorrhea is rising

True

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how is syphilis spread

sexual contact or mother-to-fetus

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clinical signs of syphilis

primary: chancre (small sores)
secondary: lymphatics
tertiary: psychosis, blindness, and CV disease

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nursing role in syphilis

screen all partners of last 3 months

- reexamine at 3 and 6 months

most common reported infectious disease

chlamydia

sxs of chlamydia

men: painful urination or urethral discharge

- women: none or vaginal discharge

nursing role in chlamydia

refer partners of past 60 days

- annual screenings for women in high risk categories

sxs of genital herpes simplex

- painful ulceration that can last 5-6 weeks or asymptomatic

What is the treatment for genital herpes simplex

acyclovir (no cure; only treat symptoms)

nursing role in herpes

- teach about spread | - how to prevent spread to others

how is HPV transmitted

direct contact w/ HPV associated warts

sxs of HPV

painless lesions

prevention of HPV

vaccine ages 11-14 and condoms

treatment of HPV

only treat symptoms (no cure); 1/3 of lesions will disappear without treatment

nursing role for HPV

- education about prevention | - vaccination

the ability of the clinician to treat the pt in the office as well as the partner of the pt without seeing the partner; recommended for gonorrhea and chlamydia; no allowed in all states

expedited partner therapy

transmission of hepatitis A

- fecal-oral route | - sources: water, food, feces, or sexual contact

prevention of hepatitis A

hand washing and vaccine

transmission of hepatitis B

- blood and body fluids | - high risk groups: drug users, multiple partners, and healthcare workers

hepatitis with vaccine available

- Hep A | - Hep B

most common chronic blood borne infection in the US

hepatitis C (transmitted through blood/body fluids)

What is the most common reason for liver transplant

chronic liver disease from HCV

treatment of Hep C

direct-acting antivirals

nursing role for Hep C

education and testing for everyone

uncommon hepatitis in the US

- Hep D: already infected w/ Hep B; no vaccine - Hep E: fecal-oral acute infection; no vaccine - Hep G: isolated in patients w/ post-transfusion hepatitis

transmission of TB

airborne droplets

common symptoms of TB

- cough - fever - fatigue - hemoptysis - chest pains - weight loss

latent TB and TB disease

- latent TB: no symptoms of TB but given prophylaxis meds to prevent disease - TB disease: has active disease and can spread it

TB diagnosis

- tuberculin skin test (TST) -initial screening (intradermal) - followed by chest Xray for persons w/ positive skin reaction or pulmonary sxs

induration sizes for positive TB test

- 15 mm: anyone without preexisting problems - 10 mm: immunocompromised patients - 5 mm: anyone with HIV

what causes treatment failure for TB

lack of client adherence -> leads to drug resistance

rules for 2 step TB test

baseline test - positive: person probably has TB -> followup and evaluate for tx - negative: restest 1-3 weeks later 2nd test - negative: person does not have TB - positive: reaction consisted a boosted reaction due to TB infection from a long time ago and person has latent TB -> followup and evaluate for tx

primary prevention for communicable diseases

- assessment - education about prevention - community outreach to provide info and resources

secondary prevention for communicable disease

- testing - post testing counseling - partner notification and contact tracing

tertiary prevention for communicable diseases

- direct observed therapy (make sure they take their meds) | - standard precautions