15. Communicable Diseases Flashcards
3 stages of HIV
- primary infection (within 1 month of contracting virus)
- clinical latency (no sxs)
- symptomatic disease (AIDS)
what has greatly increased survival time of person w/ HIV/AIDS
use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
2 complications of AIDS
- CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200
- AIDS-related opportunistic infections
transmission of HIV
- blood
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- breast milk
- transplanted organs
T/F: a person is not accepted to donate blood if they have a hx of behaviors that puts them at high risk of HIV
True
What part of the world accounts for more than 70% of all HIV cases
sub-saharan Africa
What testing is done for HIV
- HIV antibody test
- western blot (confirmatory test)
- rapid HIV antibody testing (oral sample, 99% accurate, results in 20 minutes)
what accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children
perinatal transmission (during pregnancy, labor/delivery, or breastfeeding)
prevention of HIV in children
- HIV testing part of prenatal care (mandatory in IL)
- use HAART during pregnancy
T/F: all children will develop HIV if their mother has it during pregnancy
False
What is critical at the AIDS stage of HIV
adherence to HAART
care of HIV-infected children
- impaired immunity to childhood diseases
- should still attend school
What is PrEP?
pre-exposure prophylaxis; once a day pill taken to prevent HIV
Who is PrEP recommended to?
- if sexually active w/ HIV+ partner
- sexually active with men who have sex w/ men (#1 risk factor), more than one partner, or your partner has more than one partner
- not using condoms
- IV drug user who shares needles or other equipment
gonorrhea is frequently seen in conjunction with what other STI
chlamydia
sxs of gonorrhea
- men: painful urination and discharge
- women: none or sxs of PID
nursing roles in gonorrhea
- refer partners of last 60 days
- educate pt and partner to take meds, complete abx therapy, and return is sxs persist
T/F: number of antibiotic-resistant cases of gonorrhea is rising
True
how is syphilis spread
sexual contact or mother-to-fetus
clinical signs of syphilis
- primary: chancre (small sores)
- secondary: lymphatics
- tertiary: psychosis, blindness, and CV disease
nursing role in syphilis
- screen all partners of last 3 months
- reexamine at 3 and 6 months
most common reported infectious disease
chlamydia
sxs of chlamydia
- men: painful urination or urethral discharge
- women: none or vaginal discharge
nursing role in chlamydia
- refer partners of past 60 days
- annual screenings for women in high risk categories
sxs of genital herpes simplex
- painful ulceration that can last 5-6 weeks or asymptomatic
What is the treatment for genital herpes simplex
acyclovir (no cure; only treat symptoms)
nursing role in herpes
- teach about spread
- how to prevent spread to others
how is HPV transmitted
direct contact w/ HPV associated warts
sxs of HPV
painless lesions
prevention of HPV
vaccine ages 11-14 and condoms
treatment of HPV
only treat symptoms (no cure); 1/3 of lesions will disappear without treatment
nursing role for HPV
- education about prevention
- vaccination
the ability of the clinician to treat the pt in the office as well as the partner of the pt without seeing the partner; recommended for gonorrhea and chlamydia; no allowed in all states
expedited partner therapy
transmission of hepatitis A
- fecal-oral route
- sources: water, food, feces, or sexual contact
prevention of hepatitis A
hand washing and vaccine
transmission of hepatitis B
- blood and body fluids
- high risk groups: drug users, multiple partners, and healthcare workers
hepatitis with vaccine available
- Hep A
- Hep B
most common chronic blood borne infection in the US
hepatitis C (transmitted through blood/body fluids)
What is the most common reason for liver transplant
chronic liver disease from HCV
treatment of Hep C
direct-acting antivirals
nursing role for Hep C
education and testing for everyone
uncommon hepatitis in the US
- Hep D: already infected w/ Hep B; no vaccine
- Hep E: fecal-oral acute infection; no vaccine
- Hep G: isolated in patients w/ post-transfusion hepatitis
transmission of TB
airborne droplets
common symptoms of TB
- cough
- fever
- fatigue
- hemoptysis
- chest pains
- weight loss
latent TB and TB disease
- latent TB: no symptoms of TB but given prophylaxis meds to prevent disease
- TB disease: has active disease and can spread it
TB diagnosis
- tuberculin skin test (TST) -initial screening (intradermal)
- followed by chest Xray for persons w/ positive skin reaction or pulmonary sxs
induration sizes for positive TB test
- 15 mm: anyone without preexisting problems
- 10 mm: immunocompromised patients
- 5 mm: anyone with HIV
what causes treatment failure for TB
lack of client adherence -> leads to drug resistance
rules for 2 step TB test
baseline test
- positive: person probably has TB -> followup and evaluate for tx
- negative: restest 1-3 weeks later
2nd test
- negative: person does not have TB
- positive: reaction consisted a boosted reaction due to TB infection from a long time ago and person has latent TB -> followup and evaluate for tx
primary prevention for communicable diseases
- assessment
- education about prevention
- community outreach to provide info and resources
secondary prevention for communicable disease
- testing
- post testing counseling
- partner notification and contact tracing
tertiary prevention for communicable diseases
- direct observed therapy (make sure they take their meds)
- standard precautions
