14. Infectious Disease Prevention Flashcards
current infectious diseases of concern
- HIV
- pneumonia/influenza
- VRSA and MRSA
- SARS
- COVID-19
3 parts to the epidemiologic triangle
- agent
- host
- environment
ability of agent to enter the host
infectivity
ability of agent to produce a specific reaction or overtake the host
pathogenicity
strength of agent; how likely is it to cause a serious illness
virulence
can the agent cause a poisonous reaction
toxicity
ability of agent to penetrate and spread throughout tissues
invasiveness
ability of agent to stimulate and immune response
antigenicity
host factors for infection
- host resistance
- immunity
- herd immunity
4 types of immunity
- active natural
- active acquired
- passive natural
- passive acquired
when enough people in the population (85-90%) have immunity to a disease that it protects those who can’t get immunity (take vaccine)
herd immunity
horizontal transmission
person-to-person
4 routes of horizontal transmission
- direct (contact)/indirect (inanimate objects)
- common vehicle (food, water, body fluids)
- airborne
- vector-borne (arthropods)
constant presence of a disease in one group
endemic
occurrence beyond normal expectations in one region or community
epidemic
epidemic occurring worldwide and affecting large populations
pandemic
elements of surveillance
look at the who, what, when, and where to answer why
what is the goal of controlling communicable diseases
reduce prevalence
role of nurse in controlling communicable diseases
- immunizations
- surveillance
- teaching
- prevention
- screening and treatment
3 agents of bioterrorism
- anthrax (cutaneous, GI, and respiratory)
- smallpox
- plague
4 vaccine-preventable diseases
- measles
- rubella
- pertussis
- influenza
how is measles (rubeola) spread
airborne (can last 2 hours in airspace); highly contagious
sxs of measles
- high fever
- cough
- runny nose
- watery red eyes
- rash 3-5 days after sxs begin
- 1 in 1000 will die
how is mumps spread
via droplets; occurs in close communities such as college dorms and sports teams
sxs of mumps
- swollen parotid glands
- fever
- malaise
- possible orchitis
- rare complications: sterility, deafness, and death
sxs of rubella (German measles)
- low grade fever
- sore throat
- rash on face that spreads to the rest of the body
- pink eye
T/F: rubella can cause miscarriage or serious birth defects in pregnant woman
True
how is polio spread
person-to-person
vaccination produced by modifying a disease-producing virus or bacteria I the lab; virus able to replicate but not cause disease; immune response similar to natural infection
live attenuated virus
Who should not get live attenuated vaccines?
people with compromised immune system -> uncontrolled replication can occur and can be fatal
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
- measles
- mumps
- rubella
- varicella zoster
- yellow fever
- rotavirus
- influenza (intranasal)
vaccine created by growing bacteria or virus in the lab and then inactivating it with heat or chemicals; cannot replicate
inactivated vaccine
examples of inactivated vaccine
- polio
- Hep A/Hep B
- rabies
- influenza
- pertussis
- HPV
vaccine produced by genetic engineering
recombinant vaccine
examples of recombinant vaccines
- Hep B
- HPV
- live typhoid
- salmonella
2 most important issues in appropriate use of vaccines
timing and spacing of vaccine doses
T/F: all vaccines can be administered at the same visit as all other vaccines
True
local adverse reactions of vaccines
- pain, swelling, redness at injection site
- common w/ inactivated vaccines
- mild or self-limiting
systemic adverse reactions of vaccines
- fever
- malaise
- headache
- may be unrelated to vaccine
when is anaphylaxis likely to occur with a vaccine
within the first 15 minutes
T/F: no vaccine is completely safe or effective
True
How are vaccines documented after being given?
- vaccine name
- manufacturer
- lot number (required by CDC)
- expiration date
- injection site (required by CDC)
What is documented before a vaccine is given?
- patient was provided a vaccine information sheet (VIS)
- signed permission for vaccine to be given
8 myths about vaccines
- cause autism
- infant immune systems can’t handle so many vaccines
- natural immunity is better than vaccine acquired immunity
- they contain unsafe toxins
- decreased infections caused by better hygiene and sanitation rather than vaccines
- not worth the risk
- can infect children with disease
- don’t need vaccines because infection rate is low in the US
2 foodborne and waterborne diseases that cause outbreaks
- salmonellosis
- escherichia coli (tainted meat)
- legionella (water)
- crypto (water)
2 examples of vector borne diseases
- lyme disease (summer in rural and suburbs in northeast, mid-atlantic, and north-central states -> Wisconsin and Minnesota)
- rocky mountain spotted fever (southeast, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and MO)
3 stages of Lyme disease
- stage 1: bullseye
- stage 2: headache and cardiac conditions
- stage 3: arthritis (years later)
what carries lyme disease
deer ticks
most common helminthic infections in the US
pinworm (usually in schools, institutions, or overcrowding)
control and prevention of parasitic diseases
- early dx
- improved hygiene and vector control
- education and environmental improvements
