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Community Health > 14. Infectious Disease Prevention > Flashcards

14. Infectious Disease Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

current infectious diseases of concern

A
  • HIV
  • pneumonia/influenza
  • VRSA and MRSA
  • SARS
  • COVID-19
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2
Q

3 parts to the epidemiologic triangle

A
  • agent
  • host
  • environment
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3
Q

ability of agent to enter the host

A

infectivity

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4
Q

ability of agent to produce a specific reaction or overtake the host

A

pathogenicity

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5
Q

strength of agent; how likely is it to cause a serious illness

A

virulence

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6
Q

can the agent cause a poisonous reaction

A

toxicity

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7
Q

ability of agent to penetrate and spread throughout tissues

A

invasiveness

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8
Q

ability of agent to stimulate and immune response

A

antigenicity

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9
Q

host factors for infection

A
  • host resistance
  • immunity
  • herd immunity
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10
Q

4 types of immunity

A
  • active natural
  • active acquired
  • passive natural
  • passive acquired
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11
Q

when enough people in the population (85-90%) have immunity to a disease that it protects those who can’t get immunity (take vaccine)

A

herd immunity

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12
Q

horizontal transmission

A

person-to-person

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13
Q

4 routes of horizontal transmission

A
  • direct (contact)/indirect (inanimate objects)
  • common vehicle (food, water, body fluids)
  • airborne
  • vector-borne (arthropods)
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14
Q

constant presence of a disease in one group

A

endemic

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15
Q

occurrence beyond normal expectations in one region or community

A

epidemic

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16
Q

epidemic occurring worldwide and affecting large populations

A

pandemic

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17
Q

elements of surveillance

A

look at the who, what, when, and where to answer why

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18
Q

what is the goal of controlling communicable diseases

A

reduce prevalence

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19
Q

role of nurse in controlling communicable diseases

A
  • immunizations
  • surveillance
  • teaching
  • prevention
  • screening and treatment
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20
Q

3 agents of bioterrorism

A
  • anthrax (cutaneous, GI, and respiratory)
  • smallpox
  • plague
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21
Q

4 vaccine-preventable diseases

A
  • measles
  • rubella
  • pertussis
  • influenza
22
Q

how is measles (rubeola) spread

A

airborne (can last 2 hours in airspace); highly contagious

23
Q

sxs of measles

A
  • high fever
  • cough
  • runny nose
  • watery red eyes
  • rash 3-5 days after sxs begin
  • 1 in 1000 will die
24
Q

how is mumps spread

A

via droplets; occurs in close communities such as college dorms and sports teams

25
Q

sxs of mumps

A
  • swollen parotid glands
  • fever
  • malaise
  • possible orchitis
  • rare complications: sterility, deafness, and death
26
Q

sxs of rubella (German measles)

A
  • low grade fever
  • sore throat
  • rash on face that spreads to the rest of the body
  • pink eye
27
Q

T/F: rubella can cause miscarriage or serious birth defects in pregnant woman

A

True

28
Q

how is polio spread

A

person-to-person

29
Q

vaccination produced by modifying a disease-producing virus or bacteria I the lab; virus able to replicate but not cause disease; immune response similar to natural infection

A

live attenuated virus

30
Q

Who should not get live attenuated vaccines?

A

people with compromised immune system -> uncontrolled replication can occur and can be fatal

31
Q

Examples of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • varicella zoster
  • yellow fever
  • rotavirus
  • influenza (intranasal)
32
Q

vaccine created by growing bacteria or virus in the lab and then inactivating it with heat or chemicals; cannot replicate

A

inactivated vaccine

33
Q

examples of inactivated vaccine

A
  • polio
  • Hep A/Hep B
  • rabies
  • influenza
  • pertussis
  • HPV
34
Q

vaccine produced by genetic engineering

A

recombinant vaccine

35
Q

examples of recombinant vaccines

A
  • Hep B
  • HPV
  • live typhoid
  • salmonella
36
Q

2 most important issues in appropriate use of vaccines

A

timing and spacing of vaccine doses

37
Q

T/F: all vaccines can be administered at the same visit as all other vaccines

A

True

38
Q

local adverse reactions of vaccines

A
  • pain, swelling, redness at injection site
  • common w/ inactivated vaccines
  • mild or self-limiting
39
Q

systemic adverse reactions of vaccines

A
  • fever
  • malaise
  • headache
  • may be unrelated to vaccine
40
Q

when is anaphylaxis likely to occur with a vaccine

A

within the first 15 minutes

41
Q

T/F: no vaccine is completely safe or effective

A

True

42
Q

How are vaccines documented after being given?

A
  • vaccine name
  • manufacturer
  • lot number (required by CDC)
  • expiration date
  • injection site (required by CDC)
43
Q

What is documented before a vaccine is given?

A
  • patient was provided a vaccine information sheet (VIS)

- signed permission for vaccine to be given

44
Q

8 myths about vaccines

A
  • cause autism
  • infant immune systems can’t handle so many vaccines
  • natural immunity is better than vaccine acquired immunity
  • they contain unsafe toxins
  • decreased infections caused by better hygiene and sanitation rather than vaccines
  • not worth the risk
  • can infect children with disease
  • don’t need vaccines because infection rate is low in the US
45
Q

2 foodborne and waterborne diseases that cause outbreaks

A
  • salmonellosis
  • escherichia coli (tainted meat)
  • legionella (water)
  • crypto (water)
46
Q

2 examples of vector borne diseases

A
  • lyme disease (summer in rural and suburbs in northeast, mid-atlantic, and north-central states -> Wisconsin and Minnesota)
  • rocky mountain spotted fever (southeast, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and MO)
47
Q

3 stages of Lyme disease

A
  • stage 1: bullseye
  • stage 2: headache and cardiac conditions
  • stage 3: arthritis (years later)
48
Q

what carries lyme disease

A

deer ticks

49
Q

most common helminthic infections in the US

A

pinworm (usually in schools, institutions, or overcrowding)

50
Q

control and prevention of parasitic diseases

A
  • early dx
  • improved hygiene and vector control
  • education and environmental improvements

Community Health (34 decks)

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