14.3 Globalisation, Sustainability and Localism

Question 1

Transition Town (4)

Answer 1

• A settlement
• Where individuals and businesses have adopted ‘bottom up’ initatives
• With the aim of boosting sustainability
• And reducing reliance on global trade

Question 2

Food Miles (3)

Answer 2

• The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer
• Ranges from local produce, e.g. watts farm
• To other side of the world, e.g. Fiji water

Question 3

Fiji Water Example (3)

Answer 3

• This brand transports bottled water
• 20,000km from Fiji to UK supermarkets
• Example of a product with a huge carbon footrprint

Question 4

Example of Eden Project localism (3)

Answer 4

• 600,000 meals provided annually
• 80% All food served at the Eden Project is from local suppliers
• E.g. Cornish Winery ‘Knightor’

Question 5

Consumer Society (3)

Answer 5

• A society in which
• The buying and selling of goods and services
• Is the most important social and economic activity

Question 6

Ethical Purchase Statistics (3)

Answer 6

• Ethical purchasing is on the rise in high income nations
• Due to greater environmental awareness
• E.g. ethical clothing sales rose by 20% in 2019 in the UK

Question 7

Carbon Footprint (2)

Answer 7

• The amount of carbon dioxide
• Produced by an individual or an activity

Question 8

Virtual Water / Water footprint (3)

Answer 8

• A measure of the volume of water
• Used in the production and transport to market
• Of food and commodities

Question 9

Energy Insecurity Stat (2)

Answer 9

• A 50% increase in global energy use
• Is predicted by 2035

Question 10

Ecological footprint (5)

Answer 10

• A crude measurement
• Of the area of land or water
• Required to provide a person (or society)
• With the energy, food and resources needed to live
• And to also absorb waste

Question 11

Costs of Local Sourcing

Consumers (3)

Producers

Environment

Answer 11

• Local sourcing of everyday meat and vegetables can be very expensive
• Especially for people on low incomes
• E.g. 14 million people living in poverty in the UK

Question 12

Costs of Local Sourcing

Consumers

Producers (5)

Environment

Answer 12

• Less demand from UK consumers
• For food from producer countries
• Means arrested economic development
• For countries such as Liberia
• Agriculture is 77% of their GDP

Question 13

Costs of Local Sourcing

Consumers

Producers

Environment (4)

Answer 13

• Tomatoes in the UK
• Are grown in heated greenhouses and polytunnels in the winter
• Resulting in a larger carbon footprint
• Than imported Spanish tomatoes

Question 14

Benefits of Local Sourcing

Consumers (5)

Producers

Environment

Answer 14

• Many small producers in the UK
• Have adopted organic farming methods
• E.g. there are 6600 organic operators in the UK
• Organic crops grown with fewer pesticides
• Health benefits = higher QOL

Question 15

Benefits of Local Sourcing

Consumers

Producers (4)

Environment

Answer 15

• UK farmers have benefitted
• From the trend towards local sourcing
• E.g. Drovers HIll Farm
• Who sell organic fruit juice

Question 16

Costs of Local Sourcing

Consumers

Producers

Environment (3)

Answer 16

• Local sourcing involves fewer food miles
• Therefore reducing carbon footprint
• As transport is minimal

Question 17

Recycling (7)

Answer 17

• Rather than sending manufactured goods to landfill
• An alternative is to recycle them
• This reduces the rate at which natural resources are used
• However, the carbon footprint of recycling is potentially high
• As energy is required
• To treat the waste
• And transport the waste to recycling sites

Question 18

Enviornmental Improvement (4)

Answer 18

• Shenzhen named ‘China’s most Sustainable City’ in 2016
• Shenzhen became the first major city in the world
• To roll out an all-electric public bus fleet – 16,000 strong
• Between 2013 and 2016, levels of toxic PM25 dropped by over 30%

Question 19

Ethical Consumption Schemes (3)

Answer 19

• Fairtrade
• Supply chain monitoring
• NGO action

Question 20

Ethical Consumption Actions

• Fairtrade (3)
• Supply chain monitoring
• NGO action

Answer 20

• Examples of Fairtrade produce include coffee and bananas
• Fairtrade guarentees higher income to farmers
• Works with 1.65 million farmers

Question 21

Ethical Consumption Evaluation

• Fairtrade (5)
• Supply chain monitoring
• NGO action

Answer 21

• As the no. of schemes grow
• It becomes harder to ensure that money has been correctly distributed
• Also, fairtrade benefits farmers of middle income countries
• e.g. Mexico and South Africa
• More than low income, e.g. areas of the Sahel

Question 22

Ethical Consumption Evaluation

• Fairtrade

- Supply chain monitoring (5)

• NGO action

Answer 22

• TNCs increasingly accept the need for CSR
• The largest TNCs have thousands of suppliers
• E.g. BMW Mini Car has 2500 different suppliers
• So risk of brand being associated with worker exploitation
• E.g. Rana Plaza Accord

Question 23

Ethical Consumption Evaluation

• Fairtrade

- Supply chain monitoring (5)

• NGO action

Answer 23

• For TNCs, it is hard to control what happens
• In the workplaces of their suppliers’ suppliers
• Also, for many firms
• CSR is a profit maximising tool
• So PR is the main goal rather than human rights

Question 24

Ethical Consumption Actions

• Fairtrade
• Supply chain monitoring

- NGO action (4)

Answer 24

The charity ‘War on Want’ helped South African fruit pickers

• E.g. it flew a women called Gertruida
• To a Tesco shareholder meeting
• Gertruida explained there was no toilet
• For female workers at her farm
• Tesco told the farm they would use a different fruit supplier
• If conditions didn’t improve

Question 25

Ethical Consumption Evaluation

• Fairtrade
• Supply chain monitoring

- NGO action (6)

Answer 25

• NGO’s have limited financial resources
• Many rely on donations and volenteers
• This can limit the scale of what they can achieve
• Or result in slow progress
• Also, many people remain unaware of, or unconcerned with worker exploitation
• Seen through the rising sales of fast fashion, e.g. boohoo