14.1 Globalisation, Development and the Environment Flashcards
1
Q
Millennium Development Goals (3)
A
- 8 specific objectives for the global community
- Created at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000
- Global poverty has been halved since the introduction of the MDG’s
2
Q
Absolute Poverty (4)
A
- When a person’s income is too low
- For basic human needs to be met
- Potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness
- Nearly 1.1 billion fewer people are living in extreme poverty than in 1990.
3
Q
Relative Poverty (3)
A
- When a person’s income is too low
- To maintain the average standard of living in a particular society
- Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative people
4
Q
Informal Sector (2)
A
- Unofficial forms of employment
- That are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation
5
Q
Inequality Increase Stat (4)
A
- According to Oxfam
- The richest 1% have seen their share of global wealth increase
- From 44% in 2009 to 99% in 2016
- At a time when 1 billion people still live on less than US$1.25 per day
6
Q
Single Measures of Development (3)
A
- Income per capita
- GDP
- Economic sector balance
7
Q
Single Measures of Development
- Income per capita (3)
- GDP
- Economic sector balance
A
- Income per capita
- GDP
- Economic sector balance
8
Q
Single Measures of Development
- Income per capita (3)
- GDP (3)
- Economic sector balance
A
- An aggregate measure
- The final of value of the output of goods and services inside a nation’s borders
- Including the value added by any foreign-owned businesses who are located there
- Estimating GDP is tough due to informal sector work
- And figures are unreliable due to changes in currency exchange rates
9
Q
Single Measures of Development
- Income per capita
- GDP
- Economic sector balance (4)
A
- A country’s economy divided into 4 economic sectors
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternery
- The relative importance of each sector changes as the economy grows
-
10
Q
Composite Measures of Development (3)
A
- Human Development Index
- Gender Inequality Index
- Enviornmental Quality
11
Q
Composite Measures of Development
- Human Development Index (3)
- Gender Inequality Index
- Enviornmental Quality
A
- A composite measure devised by the UNDP
- That ranks countries according to economic criteria
- E.g. GDP per capita adjusted for PPP
- And social criteria
- E.g. Life expectancy and literacy
- In 2014, Norway was ranked in 1st place
12
Q
Composite Measures of Development
- Human Development Index
- Gender Inequality Index (5)
- Enviornmental Quality
A
- A composite measured devised by the UNDP
- Measures gender inequalities based on
1. Reproductive health (e.g. adolescent birth rates)
2. Empowerment (e.g. females in parliment) - Employment (e.g. labour force participation rate male vs female
13
Q
Composite Measures of Development
- Human Development Index
- Gender Inequality Index
- Environmental Quality (4)
A
- Environmental quality is usually poor in developing and emerging economies
- As economic and social development occurs
- Places make the transition to post-industrial forms of economic activity
- One such index is the ‘Environmental Performance Index’ used by Yale
14
Q
Changing spatial pattern of wealth disparity (6)
A
- Average incomes have risen in all continents since 1950
- But only very slowly in Africa
- The gains made by Europe and North America over the same period
- Has widened the global wealth disparity
Many countries have advanced from low-income to middle-income since the 1970s
- Resulting in a ‘three-speed’ world of developed, emerging and developing
15
Q
Globalisation & Enviornmental Winners (4)
A
- Large-scale global flows of cheap food
- Benefit European and North American consumer nations
- And allows multinational agribusinesses to grow
- Which benefits rich nations as they recieve TNC tax
16
Q
Globalisation & Enviornmental Losers (4)
A
- In developing and emerging economies
- Intensive cash-cropping, cattle-ranching and aquaculture take place
- Which brings damaging impacts, such as the removal of mangrove forests
- Which increases flood risk in coastal areas
17
Q
Gini Coefficient (6)
A
- A statistical measure of inequality
- Which shows how wealth varies between and within several nations
- A number between 0-100
- A value of 0 = everyone has the same income
- Latin America is the most unequal region in the world (52)
- Europe is the least (32)
18
Q
Global trends of incomes in Asia and Africa (6)
A
- Since 1970, Average income per capita in Asia
- Has leapt over the absolute poverty threshold
- $20 vs $1.25
- Large income gains made in the Maghreb region, e.g. Tunisia
- Also, Africa’s coastal hubs, e.g. Lagos and Cape Town
- Are fuelling the growth of Nigera and South Africa (emerging economies)
- Sahel Region still entrenched in poverty
- Due to lanlock, conflict and corruption
