13.2 Economic Migration in an Interconnected World Flashcards
1
Q
Causes of Rural-Urban Migration (4)
- Urban pull factors
- Rural push factors
- Shrinking world technology
A
- The ‘shrinking world’ tech associated with globalisation
- Is allowing rural dwellers to gain knowledge of the outside world
- The internet, TV and Radio ‘switch on’ people in remote rural areas
- E.g. rural dwellers in Kenya beginning to use M-Pesa
2
Q
Megacity (4)
A
- A city with a population of 10 million or more
- In 1970 there were just 3 megacities;
- by 2020 there will be 30
- They grow through a combination of rural-urban migration, international migration and natural increase
3
Q
Economic Interdependency (7)
A
- International migration makes places interdependent
- E.g. Poland reliant on remittances from the UK
- E.g. UK reliant on Eastern European labour in manual sectors
- In 2008, the global financial crisis saw many building projects cancelled
- So migrants sent less money home
- E.g. Estonia’s economy shrank by 13% as a result
- Also, social and political ties are strengthened through migration
4
Q
Causes of Rural-Urban Migration (3)
A
- Urban pull factors
- Rural push factors
- Shrinking world technology
5
Q
Internal Migration (3)
A
- Migration within the borders of a country
- Normally, rural-urban migration
- However, counter-urbanisation also takes place
6
Q
International Migration stat (2)
A
- Nearly 250 million international migrants
- Now live in countries they were born outside
7
Q
Causes of Rural-Urban Migration (4)
- Urban pull factors
- Rural push factors
- Shrinking world technology
A
- Main driver is employment
- Both formal sector and informal sector
- Urban areas offer the hope of promotion and advancement into professional roles
- Also, schooling and healthcare may be better in urban areas
8
Q
Economic Migration (2)
A
- A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment
- Potentially in search of higher pay, more regular pay or a change of career
9
Q
Types of population movement which have led to global hubs growing (4)
- Elite international migrants
- Low waged international migrants
- Internal migrants
A
- The migration of low skilled individuals
- E.g. 2 million Indian migrants in the UAE
- In transport, construction and manufacturing industries
- Most global hubs are home to many legal/illegal low-waged international migrants
10
Q
Migration: Host Region Benefits (5)
A
- Elite migrations can fill skills shortages,
- E.g. 10% of UK doctors are EU nationals
- Economic migrants take up jobs that most locals wouldn’t
- E.g. Boston, Lincolnshire: hard agricultural work with often tough working conditions
- And low pay (£9.10 vs £13.30)
11
Q
Intervening Obstacles (3)
A
- Barriers to a migrant
- Such as a political border or physical feature
- E.g. Deserts/mountains/rivers
12
Q
Types of population movement which have led to global hubs growing (3)
A
- Elite international migrants
- Low waged international migrants
- Internal migrants
13
Q
Refugee (2)
A
- People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution
- Often due to political/religious reasons
14
Q
Causes of Rural-Urban Migration (3)
- Urban pull factors
- Rural push factors
- Shrinking world technology
A
- Main factor is usually poverty
- Agricultural modernisation reduces the need for rural labour further
- Rural areas also often lack infrastructure, transport and healthcare
15
Q
Migration: Source Region Costs (4)
A
- The ‘brain-drain’ of human resources schooled at government expense
- E.g. Poland
- Closure of urban services and entertainment aimed at a young adult market
- E.g. Poland
16
Q
Types of population movement which have led to global hubs growing (5)
- Elite international migrants
- Low waged international migrants
- Internal migrants
A
- Rural-urban centripetal migration
- The main driver of population growth in global hubs
- In developing and emerging economies
- E.g. 300 million people moved from rural-urban areas in China
- Following the ‘Open Door’ policy of 1978
17
Q
Brownfield Site (2)
A
- Abandoned or derelict urban land
- Previously used by commercial or industrial companies
18
Q
Migration: Host Region Costs (8)
A
- Social tensions arise if citizens of the host country
- Believe migration has led to a lack of jobs
- E.g. 75% voted to leave the EU in Boston, Lincolnshire
- A town with the highest proportion of Eastern European immigrants in England and Wales (10.6%)
- Local shortages in primary school places due to natural increase of youthful migrant population
- E.g. 2/3 of London schools are oversubscribed
- Some people may oppose changes to the built enviornment
- E.g. Baltic food shops/polish supermarkets in Boston
19
Q
Migration: Source Region Benefits (7)
A
- Migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings
- As wages in global hubs are far higher
- E.g. Poland
- Lower unemployment rate
- E.g. Poland
- Reduced pressure on public services, e.g. education and healthcare
20
Q
Global Hub (4)
A
- A settlement or region
- That has become a focal point for activities with a global influence
- Such as trade (Shanghai) and finance (London)
- Unlike a megacity, a global hub is recognised by its influence rather than its population size
-
21
Q
Urbanisation (2)
A
- An increase in the proportion of people
- Living in urban areas
22
Q
Types of population movement which have led to global hubs growing (4)
- Elite international migrants
- Low waged international migrants
- Internal migrants
A
- The migration of highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals
- E.g. Russian Oligarchs in London, e.g. in Belgravia
- They encounter few obstacles when migrating
- As most governments welcome highly skilled and wealthy migrants
23
Q
Natural Increase (4)
A
- The difference between a society’s crude birth rate and crude death rate
- A migrant population, e.g. those found in developing megacities
- Usually has a high rate of natural increase
- Due to the presence of a large proportion of fertile young adults
