14.2 Orbital hybridisation

Question 1

Explain excitation of carbon

Answer 1

When does not form 4 bonds - ground state - lowest e state

EXCITATION: e promoted form 2s to 2p - 4 single e - can be paired in bonds

Question 2

Why hybridisation occurs?

Answer 2

E shift in orbitals (carbon excitation) - a few same orbitals formed BUT (in C) different s and p -> hybridisation to make them the same: sp - new hybrid atomic orbitals

Question 3

sp³ hybridisation

Answer 3

s and ppp -> sp³ (4 equal orbitals - how many letters)

Tetrahedral molecules of sp³

Question 4

sp² hybridisation

Answer 4

sp² - double bond: s and pp (3 orbitals) one p left for double bond

Trigonal planar molecules of sp²

Question 5

sp hybridisation

Answer 5

sp: triple bond - s and p into sp (2 orbitals) and pp - two pi bonds

Linear molecules of sp

Question 6

Expanded octet hybridisation

Answer 6

PCl₅ - sp3d (5 orbitals)

Question 7

Are lone pairs involved in hybridisation?

Answer 7

Yes

NH3 has sp³ orbitals but only 3 domains - lone pair in sp³