12.1 Electrons in atoms (HL)

Question 1

First ionisation E

Answer 1

FIRST IONISATION E: E needed to remove 1 mol of e from the ground state of 1 mol of gaseous atoms

2nd+ ionistaion E are higher - more E needed to separate e - increased attraction closer to nucleus -> ionisation occurs in jumps - evidence for sub levels

Ionisation increases across period - increase in the force of electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and e

Question 2

Ionisation E trends

Answer 2

1. Ionisation increases across period - increase in the force of electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and e
2. Ionisation E decreases down period - e further from nucleus
3. Regular discontinuities across trend - sub-shell evidence

Question 3

Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)

Answer 3

Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM): “feels” atoms - can manipulate single atoms