14.2 - Different Types of Feminism Flashcards
What is reformism?
The belief that society can be reformed.
What is equality of opportunity?
Everyone should have the same life chances.
What is political equality?
Women should have the same rights as men to vote.
What is gender equality?
Men and women should be treated the same within society.
What is legal equality?
Everyone should be treated the same in the eyes of the law.
How do liberal feminists think gender stereotypes can be eliminated?
Reformism.
via democratic pressure.
What liberal values are liberal feminists inspired by?
- Individualism
- Foundational Equality
- Equality of Opportunity
What assumptions do liberal feminists make about political equality?
Via political equality, gender and legal equality will follow.
What was the most important chapter in Betty Friedan’s book ‘The Feminine Mystique’?
The Problem that Has No Name
What did liberal feminists campaign for?
- End to discrimination via gender equality.
- End to outdated cultural attitudes via education.
- Changes in the law to facilitate legal equality.
How was liberal feminism later criticised by radical feminists?
A reluctance to analyse the private sphere of family life.
How can socialist feminism be split?
- Revolutionary
- Reform
What socialist qualities did Gilman think were inherently female?
- Collectivism
- Cooperation
Name some changes inspired by liberal feminism in the UK?
- The Married Women’s Property Act 1870
- First sitting MP 1919
- Equal Franchise Act 1928
- Equal Pay Act 1970
- Sex Discrimination Act 1975
- First female PM 1979
- Sex Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1986
How did Gilman anticipate intersectionality?
Gender and capitalism were interconnected forms of oppression.
How could women be given freedom and equality?
Economic independence.
What type of living did Gilman champion?
Communal living.
Who was the first to argue that capitalism created a patriarchy?
Friedrich Engels.
Why did Engels think capitalism caused the patriarchy?
Pre-existing societal structures are tampered with by capitalism.
Women were needed as unpaid helpers to enable male workers to be employed in the workplace.
What is a reserve army of labour?
Women can constitute a spare workforce to be called upon when needed.
Why did Engels think women were complicit in continuing capitalist oppression?
Reproducing the workforce and socialising their children.
Where did working class women find employment in Victorian era England?
Factories.
They are paid less than men with no childcare provision.
What are the four social functions that women must liberate themselves from to end the patriarchy according to Juliet Mitchell?
- Their role in the workforce and production
- Childbearing role
- Socialisation of children
- Societal position as sex objects
How do radical feminists think the patriarchy is exemplified in society, and how do they think it can be solved?
- Political lesbianism (Bunch, Dworkin)
- Communal living (Millett, early Greer)
- Artificial insemination to reproduce (Firestone)
Why did Camille Paglia criticise feminism?
The portayal of women as ‘victims’, arguing that women need to take responsibility for their own life and sexual conduct.
Why has post-feminism been broadly criticised?
It almost exclusively focused on white, middle-class women.
What are some of the themes of postmodern feminism?
- Cyberpatriarchy
- Genital Mutilation
- Honour Killings
- Transfeminism
- Rape and Sexual Assault
Why does Cochrane argue technology is a source of the patriarchy?
- Diane Abbott received the most Twitter abuse out of all MPs during 2017 campaign.
- The way people talk online is not how they talk about in real life.
- Increasing levels of hypersexualisation aimed at young / teenage girls.
How is genital mutiliation intersectional?
Gender, racial, religious and historical.
How is rape and sexual assault intersectional?
Factors such as sexual orientation, disability status, ethnicity and country of origin can increase women’s vulnerability to violence.
What are some examples of postmodern feminist success?
- Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985.
- Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003.
- First black female MP 1987.
- Gender Recognition Act 2004.
To what extent do feminists agree over the concept of patriarchy? (Agree)
- Most feminists are equality feminists. ‘Patriarchy’ is a society dominated by men and oppresses women.
- Gender stereotyping
- The patriarchy is not a static concept.
- The patriarchy must be opposed in the public sphere.
To what extent do feminists agree over the concept of patriarchy? (Disagree)
- Liberal and radical disagree on where to challenge it.
- State, society and economy can be reformed according to liberal feminists, radical feminists argue that revolutionary change is necessary.
- Post-feminists argued most feminist goals had been achieved and the patriarchy had been largely defeated.
- The patriarchy is far more complicated due to intersectionality according to postmodern feminists.
