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GCSE > 11.3 - Core Ideas and Principles within Socialism > Flashcards

11.3 - Core Ideas and Principles within Socialism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is worker control?

A

The importance and extent of control over the economy.

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2
Q

How do democratic socialists advocate workers’ control?

A
  • More equitable distribution of economic resources.
  • Abolishment of class distinctions.
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3
Q

What is democratic socialism built upon, contrastingly to revolutionary socialism?

A

The parliamentary route is the more effective route towards true socialism.

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4
Q

How do Marxists analyse society?

A
  • Society is embedded with an understanding of social class.
  • Class struggle, class consciousness.
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5
Q

What is class struggle?

A

The inherent struggle between capital and labour.

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6
Q

What did Marx argue all societies were based upon?

A

Class conflict.

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7
Q

What examples did Marx give for class conflict being the basis of society?

A
  • Transition from feudalism to capitalism.
  • Landed aristocracy battling between aspirational middle class.
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8
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

The proletariat becomes aware of their exploitation at the hands of the bourgeouisie.

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9
Q

What can the combination of class struggle and class consciousness lead to?

A
  • A potentially revolutionary working class.
  • The replacement of capitalism with a system run for the benefit of workers.
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10
Q

Why has Marx’s analysis of social class seen much scrutiny?

A
  • Criticism due to the perception of social class arising due to the means of production.
  • New socialists, such as Anthony Crosland have argued that society is far more complex than what it was under Marx.
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11
Q

What can the concept of class struggle and consciousness boil down to?

A

The fact it is intellectually bankrupt.

Workers’ Control is no longer necessary to achieve socialistic goals as means of production are no longer owned by monopoly men with monocles but a new salaried working class.

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12
Q

What are the core values of (extreme?) socialism?

A
  • Equality of outcome is more important than individual liberty.
  • Need for an extensive welfare state.
  • State ownership of production.
  • Strong emphasis on collective working class organisations (trade unions).
  • Redistributive wealth.
  • Abolishment of class system.
  • Abolishment of institutions decided by class, birth or privilege.
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13
Q

Why did Socialism rise in Europe?

A

A reaction against social and economic conditions generated in Europe by individual capitalism.

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14
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system in which wealth is owned by private individuals and goods are produced for monetary exchange according to the dictates of the market.

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15
Q

What types of people generally followed Socialism?

A

Industrial Revolution working class.

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16
Q

What is social justice?

A

Seeking to ensure the best possible allocation of resources based on subjective judgement as to what is fair.

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17
Q

What responsibilities does social justice assign to certain institutions?

A
  • Government
  • Social Security
  • Public Services

Are given important status to create a more egalitarian society.

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18
Q

What is a common link between Social Justice and another tenet of socialism?

A

Redistribution of wealth.

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19
Q

How do centre-left Socialists feel social justice can be achieved?

A

Via a mixed economy with a significant role for public and the private sector.

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20
Q

How do far-left socialists feel social justice can be achieved?

A

Complete public ownership of all production to meet everyone’s needs.

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21
Q

What assumption is social justice based upon?

A

It’s possible to achieve an equitable distribution of goods within society.

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22
Q

Is the gender pay gap an example of a lack of social justice?

A

Yes.

Women and men are paid differently despite doing the same work.

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23
Q

What was the Rawlsian philosophy between socialism and social liberalism?

A
  • His argument about social justice can be applied to his argument on the maximisation of individual liberty.
  • Rawls believes it is possible for the state to achieve an effective allocation of resources.
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24
Q

What view do socialists take of human nature?

A

Generally positive.

It is easily shaped (for good or bad) by an individual’s environment.

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25
Q

How do socialists perceive society?

A

A collection of broadly equal individuals who share a common identity and collective purpose.

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26
Q

What is cooperation?

A

Individiuals working together to achieve mutual benefit with the fraternal belief that humans work best when working together.

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27
Q

What types of work do socialists prefer?

A

Work that focuses on cooperation and collectivism rather than individualism and competition.

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28
Q

What is fraternity?

A
  • Humans regard each other as siblings rather than rivals.
  • Relationships are not based on competition or enmity but on generosity / solidarity.
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29
Q

What do socialists think about the effect of unchecked capitalism?

A

It is dangerous for the individual so they argue for varying levels of intervention in the state.

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30
Q

What forms of socialism are particularly hostile to capitalism?

A

Revolutionary / Democratic Socialism

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31
Q

What forms of socialism are compliant with capitalism?

A
  • Social Democracy
  • Third Way - particularly fond of the free market.
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32
Q

What does revolutionary socialism feel about a vision of common humanity?

A
  • Individuals are ‘deformed’ by capitalism - money corrupts those who possess it.
  • Capitalism must be removed by a revolution from the working class.
  • Once a revolution occurs, a communist society emerges, and then humans can finally enjoy a common humanity.
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33
Q

What does democratic socialism feel about a vision of common humanity?

A
  • Webb argued for a socialist state via democratic methods.
  • Common ownership of the means of production - mass nationalisation controlled by a socialist elite.
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34
Q

What does social democracy feel about a vision of common humanity?

A

Capitalism should be reformed rather than replaced.

Crosland saw a vision of:
- A mixed economy
- Economic state intervention based on Keynesian economics ensuring permament, full employment and economic growth
- The welfare state should be used to redistribute wealth and challenge poverty / social inequality

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35
Q

What does the Third Way feel about a vision of common humanity?

A

Giddens argued for:
- An emphasis on equality of opportunity via public services - education particularly
- Neo-liberal ideas of the free market and self-reliance
- Moving away from universal welfare to means-tested welfare

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36
Q

What does collectivism prioritise?

A

The group over the individual.

Belief that individuals:
- Prefer to work together as opposed to independently
- Will work far more effectively in group settings than they will individually

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37
Q

Who are the main utopian socialists?

A
  • Charles Fourier
  • Robert Owen
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38
Q

What do utopian socialists argue for?

A

Small-scale cooperative communities organised collectively to promote socialist values.

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39
Q

Why is collectivism an interesting topic for socialists?

A

It has been implemented so differently across all branches of socialism.

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40
Q

How does Marxism argue for collectivism?

A

On a larger scale, workforces should collectively own all industry and all agencies of society are communal.

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41
Q

How do democratic socialists argue for collectivism?

A
  • Over time, a fully collectivised economy and state will emerge.
  • Webb informed much of the post-war Attlee government, but Attlee still had some acceptance of the free market.
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42
Q

What do social democrats feel about collectivism?

A

Suspicious of the high levels of collectivism by more radical wings of socialism.

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43
Q

What is the social democrat solution to industrial relations?

A

Workers should belong to trade unions that have very strong bargaining rights to prevent exploitation.

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44
Q

What is the Third Way solution to industrial relations?

A
  • Unions should still exist to preserve fairness.
  • Must be a recognition that the wages are market-driven.
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45
Q

What is the Third Way solution to industrial relations?

A
  • Unions should still exist to preserve fairness.
  • Must be a recognition that the wages are market-driven.
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46
Q

What is the social democrat solution to healthcare?

A
  • A national health service providing universal care to all.
  • ‘Free’ and paid for by the general population via taxation.
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47
Q

What is the Third Way solution to healthcare?

A

Healthcare reform.

The cost of universal healthcare is unsustainable.
Supports:
* Prescription charges
* Private healthcare for the rich for non-essential healthcare

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48
Q

What is the social democrat solution to education?

A

Widespread comprehensive state education for all ensuring an equality of opportunity.

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49
Q

What is the social democrat solution to education?

A

Widespread comprehensive state education for all ensuring an equality of opportunity.

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50
Q

What is the Third Way solution to education?

A
  • More equality of opportunity and spending in education.
  • New Labour introduction of tuition fees for universities.
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51
Q

What is the Third Way solution to education?

A
  • More equality of opportunity and spending in education.
  • New Labour introduction of tuition fees for universities.
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52
Q

What is the social democrat solution to key industries?

A

The key utilities are brought under government control and operate in the collective interest of all.

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53
Q

What is the Third Way solution to key industries?

A
  • The free market is the best way to run businesses.
  • No support to renationalise state utilities.
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54
Q

What are the three aspects of equality that socialists can agree on?

A
  • Foundational Equality
  • Rejection of natural hierarchies
  • Equality of Opportunity
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55
Q

What is foundational equality?

A

A belief that all individuals are born with innate human rights that translate to political and legal equality.

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56
Q

What is foundational equality?

A

A belief that all individuals are born with innate human rights that translate to political and legal equality.

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57
Q

What did revolutionary socialists feel about equality of opportunity within a capitalist society?

A

Equality of Opportunity can only be achieved after a revolution.

58
Q

What did democratic socialists feel about equality of opportunity within a capitalist society?

A

Equality of opportunity can only be achieved by reforming capitalism to the point that it is actually socialist.

59
Q

What did democratic socialists feel about equality of opportunity within a capitalist society?

A

Equality of opportunity can only be achieved by reforming capitalism to the point that it is actually socialist.

60
Q

What did social democrats feel about equality of opportunity within a capitalist society?

A
  • A mixed economy with state management based on Keynesian policies.
  • Breakdown of class barriers that are irrelevant.
  • Progressive taxation to allow an even distribution of opportunities.
61
Q

What did the Third Way feel about equality of opportunity within a capitalist society?

A

Equality of opportunity should target the most needy by means-tested benefits rather than universal benefits.

62
Q

What did Revolutionary Socialists feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A

In a capitalist society, equality of outcome is not achievable as capitalism cannot be rid of exploitation.

63
Q

What did Democratic Socialists feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A
  • Webb argued for an incremental process so that income would be more evenly distributed.
  • Not absolute equality but inequality income such that the remains would be substantially fairer.
64
Q

What did Social Democrats feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A

Crosland was against pure equality of outcome as he felt it would weaken the economy, by acting as a disincentive to wealth creators.

65
Q

What did the Third Way feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A

Giddens argued that wage equality of outcome was impracticable and a disincentive that would damage the economy.

66
Q

What did revolutionary socialists feel about absolute equality within a capitalist society?

A
  • An economy would be revamped through revolution.
  • The new economy would be based on common ownership and collectivisation based on needs.
  • Each individual contributes to society and then takes what they need.
67
Q

What did democratic socialists feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A

Although Webb believed in high taxation to flatten class differences, she did not advocate for absolute equality envisaging some wage differences.

68
Q

What did social democrats feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A

Absolute equality is utopian, accepting that those in a meritocratic mixed economy those who contributed more would be given more.

69
Q

What did the Third Way feel about equality of outcome within a capitalist society?

A
  • Absolute equality is a flawed concept.
  • Inequality is a natural consquence of society.
70
Q

What did Revolutionary Socialists feel about equality of welfare within a capitalist society?

A

Rejection as it does not remove the capitalist society.

71
Q

What did the Democratic Socialists feel about equality of welfare within a capitalist society?

A
  • Equality of welfare would be achieved by mass nationalisation of industry.
  • Proper state management would ensure equality of welfare via an efficient redistribution of resources.
72
Q

What did social democrats feel about equality of welfare within a capitalist society?

A
  • Crosland saw the state as a source to reduce class conflict.
  • Universal public services would reduce this conflict.
  • Nationalised utilities and the free-market economy were points to follow.
73
Q

What did the Third Way feel about equality of welfare within a capitalist society?

A

High levels of social security and welfare were a disincentive to work creating a dependency culture.

Benefits should be targetted at the most needy.

74
Q

How do revolutionary socialists argue social class should be rectified?

A

A revolution that resets class.

75
Q

What was the core idea of Marx and Engels’ political theory?

A

Social Class

76
Q

What does Marxism argue in terms of social class?

A
  • Capitalists are ‘parasites’ that profit from the work of an exploited workforce.
  • Differences between social classes are un-rectifiable in a capitalist system to a revolution is inevitable.
  • Capitalists take the surplus value (difference between wages paid and profit) which alienated the worker from the fruits of his labour.
  • The capitalist state was not neutral but actively reinforced the oppressive relationship via laws, bureaucracy, police forces and the army.
77
Q

How did Webb critique Marx’s analysis of the class system?

A

She agreed with the analysis of problems faced, but argued that the state can be altered through democracy from serving capitalism to delivering a socialist state.

78
Q

Why were Social Democrats critical of Webb?

A

The idea of collectively minded utilitarianism / uniformity of nationalisation compromised the freedom of the individual making ‘the socialist state’ a ‘dull functional nightmare’.

79
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

An action is correct if it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people is the most important principle.

80
Q

What was Crosland’s view of socialism?

A

Less of a class war.

More of a fairer redistribution of wealth / equality of opportunity so that an individual can thrive in a society which would over time become classless of it’s own accord.

81
Q

What was Marx’s main work?

A

‘The Communist Manifesto’ - 1848

82
Q

What were the main ideas of Marx and Engels?

A
  • Marx and Engels argued their theories were empirical and scientifically determined. (absolute nonsense)
  • Class struggle due to property ownership has existed through history.
  • Capitalism will leave only a tiny majority benefiting from it.
  • Both argued that liberal democracy was a ‘democratic swindle’ because the state was controlled by the bourgeoisie.
83
Q

What did Crosland argue about education?

A
  • It reinforced class division in it’s current state.
  • he tried to ensure equality of opportunity by creating comprehensive schools that would cater for all abilities + break down segregation of grammar schools.
84
Q

What did Crosland argue about education?

A
  • It reinforced class division in it’s current state.
  • He tried to ensure equality of opportunity by creating comprehensive schools that would cater for all abilities + break down segregation of grammar schools.
85
Q

What did the Third Way argue about education?

A

It is the ‘imperative of government today, a key basis of the redistribution of possibilities’.

86
Q

Why did the failure of social democracy to not break down class divisions not overly matter?

A

The classes set out by Marx, Engels and Webb no longer really exist as the economy has shifted to services-based economy rather than the prior clear cut classes.

87
Q

What are the chances of obtaining a good education predicated on?

A

Class background.

88
Q

What did Marx think dominated societal culture, ideology, politics and religion?

A

Materialism.

89
Q

What do revolutionary socialists believe about worker’s control?

A

Marx, Engels and Luxemburg advocate for workers’ control for a time.

90
Q

What do evolutionary socialists believe about workers control?

A

The worker will never have control of the economy or means of production.

91
Q

What do evolutionary socialists believe about workers control?

A

The worker will never have control of the economy or means of production.

92
Q

What did Marx and Engels see happening in the transitional period after a revolution?

A
  • Formerly exploited workers are in control.
  • Society and the economy re-embrace forgotten co-operative, collective and fraternal values removing destuctive capitalists ideals.
  • Workers’ control only occurs for a short time between revolution and the classless communist society after emerging from the ashes of capitalism.
93
Q

Why did Webb not believe in workers’ control?

A

Workers are actually incapable of such a responsibility.

94
Q

Why did Webb not like guild socialism?

A

She argued workers lacked the capability to organise such an enterprise.

95
Q

Who drafted Clause IV for the Labour party?

A

Sidney Webb (Beatrice’s husband)

96
Q

What was Webb’s view on human nature?

A
  • Negative.
  • She felt the working class were innately intellectually inferior.
97
Q

What is Clause IV?

A

‘… the basis of common ownership and the means of production, distribution and exchange..’

Essentially, a commitment to common ownership. Neither of the Webb’s intended for workers to control the means of production.

98
Q

Who did Webb think would solve the evils of capitalism?

A

‘the professional expert’

The working class vote for socialism, and over time, elected socialist governments would refashion the state to manage the worker.

99
Q

How would the state change its character under a socialist government according the Webb?

A

‘From police power, to housekeeping on a national scale’

A highly trained elite of administrators and specialists would be required to organise society rather than the workers.

100
Q

What thinktank did Beatrice Webb belong to?

A

The Fabian Society.

101
Q

What thinktank did Beatrice Webb belong to?

A

The Fabian Society.

102
Q

What was Webb’s evolutionary socialist belief?

A

‘The inevitability of gradualness’

Parliamentary democracy will deliver the socialist society rather than revolution.

103
Q

Which group needed to vote for socialist governments and what would this lead to?

A
  • Working class.
  • Social, economic and political reform.
104
Q

Which group needed to vote for socialist governments and what would this lead to?

A
  • Working class.
  • Social, economic and political reform.
105
Q

What is vital to deliver socialism?

A

The expansion of the state.

The state develops a highly trained elite of administrators and specialists to organise society.

106
Q

What was Webb’s main book?

A

‘The Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission’ - 1909

107
Q

What did ‘the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission’ argue for?

A

A ‘national minimum of civilised life’

108
Q

Where did many of Webb’s works later appear?

A

William Beveridge’s, ‘The Beveridge Report’ - 1942.

109
Q

Who was William Beveridge?

A

A modern liberal who worked for Webb as a researcher who then took many of her views as his own.

110
Q

How did Webb describe revolutions?

A

‘Chaotic, inefficient and counter-productive’ an ‘unpredictability’ that Webb could not countenance.

111
Q

How did Social Democrats and the Third Way view workers’ control?

A

Class struggle and workers’ control are outdated notions as Capitalism had been largely reformed of most of its most exploitative traits.

112
Q

Who did Crosland back to change Clause IV and what happened?

A
  • Hugh Gaitskell.
  • Unsuccessful as the left-wing of the party felt it was too importnt.
113
Q

What type of education did Crosland recieve?

A

Private.

114
Q

What was Crosland’s main book?

A

‘The Future of Socialism’ - 1956.

115
Q

Why did Crosland not like Marxist views of capitalist development?

A

It did not drive social change as the internal tensions required in Marx’s dialectic of historical materialism were not present in postwar capitalism.

116
Q

What is socialism best served by in Crosland’s view?

A

‘State-managed capitalism’ - i.e. a mixed economy.

117
Q

How can equality of opportunity be achieved according to Crosland?

A
  • Giving all state school students the same educational experience.
  • Crosland viewed the current educational system as ‘the most divisive, unjust and wasteful of all the social aspects of inequality’.
118
Q

What type of economics did Crosland subscribe to?

A

Keynesian economics.

119
Q

What type of an economy did Keynesian policies make possible?

A

State-managed capitalism.

120
Q

What did Giddens think of workers’ control and why?

A

He did not like it.

Felt workers did not have the skills / expertise to lead a workplace.

121
Q

What did Giddens think of the mixed economy?

A

Disliked it.

Nationalised companies cannot compete with the amount of wealth the free market creates.

122
Q

What type of beliefs did Giddens follow economically?

A

Neo-liberal beliefs.

Free-market economies are more efficient and prosperous than state-controlled / mixed economies.

123
Q

Which labour leader was fond of Giddens views?

A

Tony Blair.

124
Q

What did Tony Blair do to Labour constitution?

A

Amended Clause IV to remove the commitment to social justice for a vague commitment to social justice.

125
Q

What did Blair not reverse from Thatcher’s reign that most Labour governments would have?

A

He was a neo-liberal economically, so did not renationalise the state utilities.

126
Q

What are Giddens’ main works?

A
  • ‘Beyond Left and Right’ (1994)
  • The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998)
127
Q

Why did Giddens like free-market capitalism?

A
  • It enriched and empowered society.
  • Individualism is irreversible.
  • Socialism must look to harness the benefits of free-market capitalism while neutralising negative effects on community.
128
Q

What did Giddens think about the relationship between neo-liberal economics and social democracy?

A

It is possible to reconcile both.

129
Q

What did Third Way Socialism prioritise spending on?

A

Infrastructure (community services, public transport, equality of opportunity in eduation)

130
Q

What did Third Way Socialism prioritise spending on?

A

Infrastructure (community services, public transport, equality of opportunity in eduation)

131
Q

Which socialists place importance on workers’ control?

A

Marx, Engels and Luxembourg.

132
Q

Which socialists do not see workers’ control as ever taking place in society?

A

Webb, Crosland and Giddens.

133
Q

How do revolutionary socialists see workers’ control happening post revolution?

A
  • Marx and Engels envisaged a transitional period between revolution and classless society.
  • The workers would be in control during this time, before that control becoming unnecessary as communism is free of the exploitation of capitalistic competition.
134
Q

How does evolutionary socialism see workers’ control occuring in society?

A
  • Webb did not believe in workers’ control as she thought that workers were incapable of such as responsibilty
  • Webb believed that working class individuals were innately intellectually inferior and so would always need supervision from superiors.
135
Q

How did Webb feel the evils of capitalism would be solved?

A

‘The professional expert’
The state silently changing character from police power to housekeeping on a national scale. - a highly trained group would organise society

136
Q

What did Webb mean by the ‘professional expert’?

A

In the general public voting for socialism, elected socialist governments would refashion the state so they could manage and not oppress the worker.

137
Q

How do social democrats and the third way view workers’ control?

A

Massively outdated.

Capitalism had been largely reformed since its more exploitative days so did not need large reforms.

138
Q

What areas does socialist collectivism revolve around?

A
  • Industrial relations (i.e. trade unions)
  • Housing
  • Education
  • Industry
  • Healthcare
139
Q

What are the core ideas of socialism?

A
  • Common humanity
  • Collectivism
  • Equality
  • Social Class
  • Worker Control (hmm..)
  • Rationalism
140
Q

What did ‘the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission’ argue for?

A

A ‘national minimum of civilised life’

141
Q

Who did Webb think would solve the evils of capitalism?

A

‘the professional expert’

The working class vote for socialism, and over time, elected socialist governments would refashion the state to manage the worker.

142
Q

What is cooperation?

A

Individiuals working together to achieve mutual benefit with the fraternal belief that humans work best when working together.

GCSE (46 decks)

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