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002 - Physio - Renal > (14) - Avian Renal Physiology > Flashcards

(14) - Avian Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

(Overview of Functional Aspects of the Avian Kidney)

(blood supply)

  1. what percent of cardiac output?
  2. what percent afferent arteriole to glomerulus?
  3. what percent from venous blood from portal system?
A
  1. 10-15%
  2. 20-35%
  3. 65%
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2
Q

(Overview of Functional Aspects of the Avian Kidney)

  1. What is their urine concentrating ability?
  2. Nitrogen excretion product is 80% what?
  3. Is uric acid secreted or filtered?

4.

A
  1. 2-3X plasma
  2. uric acid (remainder is urea or ammonia)
  3. secreted

(read the rest)

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3
Q

do’nt memorize this

A
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4
Q

(Location in Body)

  1. embedded in what?
  2. a depression in what?
  3. how many main lobes?
  4. adjacent to what?
  5. venous vascular ring consisting of what three veins?
A
  1. renal fossa
  2. synsacrum (the boney roof of the pelvis)
  3. 3
  4. gonads and andrenals
  5. external iliac vein, common iliac vein, and cranial and caudal renal portal veins
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5
Q

(Blood Supply - 2 inputs)

(arterial)

  1. renal arteries - what percent of blood?
  2. afferent supply to what?
  3. efferent supply to what?

(venous)

  1. renal portal supply - unique - 65% of blood
A
  1. 15%
  2. glomeruli
  3. tubules (as in mammals)
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6
Q

(Avian Nephron Units)

(Lobular Architecture)

  1. renal lobule and peri-tubular blood supply

(Nephrons - 2 types)

  1. mammalian type - what capacity?
  2. reptilian type - what capacity?
A
  1. concentrating capacity
  2. non-concentrating capacity
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7
Q

(Renal Lobule and Peri-tubular blood supply)

  1. each lobule is a functional unit that drains through a what into a what?
  2. secondary CD’s coalesce into primary CD’s and then into what?
A
  1. medullary cone into a secondary collecting duct
  2. lobular ureters

(there is no renal medulla or pevis per se)

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

(Nephron Units: 2 types)

(Reptilian type nephrons)

  1. consist of a glomerulus and a duct to the ureter
  2. what percentage of nephrons?
  3. do they have a loop of Henle?

(Mammalian type)

  1. long loop, short loop, varying lengh loops
  2. what percentage of nephrons?
A
  1. 80-85%
  2. no
  3. 15-20%
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10
Q

urine concentrating similar to that seen in mammals

important note - gradient genereated by Na only - in mammals half of gradient established by urea

A
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11
Q

(Concentrating Capacity of Avian Nephron)

(osmolality of urine ranges from 2-3X of plasma)

  1. how comparted to mammalina?
  2. How much water is reabsorbed by collecting ducts?
  3. Compensated for by formation of what?
  4. final adjustments occur where and where?
A
  1. 7-8x less
  2. 95%
  3. insolbule uric acid
  4. cloaca and colon
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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A

lies in the blood supply thing

65% of blood coming through renal portal supply

blood can be shunted into kidney

blood returing from legs has two options depending on what the renal portal valve does

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14
Q

(Renal Portal Valve)

  1. Located in what vein?

(Autonomic innervation)

2-3. What are the two types of receptors?

A
  1. common iliac vein
  2. cholinergic - muscarninc receptors
  3. adrenergic - alpha 2 receptors
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15
Q

(Renal Portal Valve)

  1. at rest, valve is closed or open? maintained under what influence?

venous blood diverted through tubular circulation

returns to systemic circulation via what and what?

  1. During fight or flight - valve closed or open?

what happens to blood?

A
  1. closed; cholinergic

caudal mesenteric vsin and intervertebral sinuses

  1. open

blood is shunted directly to the vena cava

(under adrenergic circulation)

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16
Q

(Blood supply to the avian kidney)

  1. what percent of cariac output?
  2. what percent of that is arterial? venous via portal system?
  3. how much of blood passes through glomeruli for filtration?
  4. so what becomes the main mechanism of excretory fuction (N)?
A
  1. 10-15%
  2. 30%; 65%
  3. 1/3
  4. tubular secretion
17
Q

(Urea vs. Uric Acid)

  1. mammalian nitrogen disposal = ?
  2. avian nitrogen disposal = ?
A
  1. urea
  2. uric acid
18
Q

(Uric Acid)

  1. nitrogenous waste (NH3) excretion pathway (as opposed to urea)
  2. produced primarily where?
  3. secreted in what?
  4. is it soluble in blood at normal conc and body temps?
  5. precipitates under what conditions?
A
  1. in liver (energetically expensive)
  2. poximal tubule (hgh conc in colloidal form in lumen)

–> urates (salts of uric acid)

moved by peristalsis down ureter

  1. yes
  2. high conc or cooling

(secretion not affected by dehydration (i.e. no pre-renal azotemia)

19
Q

(Advantages of Uricotelicism)

  1. combines with proteins to form what?
  2. conserves what?
  3. Allow what inside egg?
A
  1. insoluble Urates
  2. water
  3. development inside egg - prevents accumulation of toxic metabolic products
20
Q

(Physiology)

  1. arterial bllod flows through what?
  2. venous blood portal supply flow though what?
A
  1. glomeruli (filtration) - 30%
  2. tubular capillary beds (secretion, reabsorption) 70%
21
Q
A
22
Q

(overall kidney regulation - 4 factors)

1-4. what are the four factors?

A
  1. renin-angiotensin system - aldosterone
  2. AVT (arginine vasotocin) - Avian ADH
  3. autonomic
  4. autoregulation
23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

(Extra-renal Water-balance)

(cloaca/colon)

  1. do what?

filtered water from what?

ingestinal water with what?

(Nasal Salt glands - marine birds)

  1. allows excretion of what?
A
  1. water recovery
  2. kidney
  3. ingesta
  4. NaCL consumed in salt water that is beyond ability of kidney to excrete
26
Q

(Clinically)

(utility of mammalian type assessments)

  1. urea (BUN) usuable?
  2. creatinine useable?
  3. urinanalysis: minimally useful because of what?

(Uric acid is the primary means (<5 mg/dl) - of measuring kidney function

A
  1. no
  2. no
  3. post-renal processing (can examine for glucose, sediments, casts, wbcs)
27
Q

carnivorous birds get increase in uric acid production because their is nitrogen in what they eat (get post-prandial elevation)

need to wait a while before taking this value in raptors

A
28
Q
A

he stressed aminolycosides here

29
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q
A

002 - Physio - Renal (19 decks)

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